World History 1–800(A.D.)World History Roman AqueductMontpellier, France Tina Diodati Christ Celtic Cross Renée Scott Mayan Pyramid at Chichén Itzá Renée Scott Japanese Pagoda Erik Hjortshoj Viking Ship (c. 900) 1–49 Birth of Jesus Christ (variously given from4B.C.toA.D.7).After Augustus, Tiberius becomes emperor (dies,A.D.37), succeeded by Caligula (assassinated,A.D.41), who is followed by Claudius. Crucifixion of Jesus (probablyA.D.30). Han dynasty in China founded by Emperor Kuang Wu Ti. Buddhism introduced to China. 50–99 Claudius poisoned(A.D.54),succeeded by Nero (commits suicide,A.D.68). Missionary journeys of Paul the Apostle(A.D.34–60).Jews revolt against Rome; Jerusalem destroyed(A.D.70).Roman persecutions of Christians begin(A.D.64).Colosseum built in Rome(A.D.71–80).Trajan (rulesA.D.98–116); Roman empire extends to Mesopotamia, Arabia, Balkans. First Gospels of St. Mark, St. John, St. Matthew. 100–149 Hadrian rules Rome(A.D.117–138);codifies Roman law, rebuilds Pantheon, establishes postal system, builds wall between England and Scotland. Jews revolt under Bar Kokhba(A.D.122–135);final Diaspora (dispersion) of Jews begins. 150–199 Marcus Aurelius rules Rome(A.D.161–180). Oldest Mayan temples in Central America(c.A.D.200). 200–249 Goths invade Asia Minor(c.A.D.220).Roman persecutions of Christians increase. Persian (Sassanid) empire re-established. End of Chinese Han dynasty. 250–299 Increasing invasions of the Roman empire by Franks and Goths. Buddhism spreads in China. Classic period of Mayan civilization (A.D.250–900); develop hieroglyphic writing, advances in art, architecture, science. 300–349 Constantine the Great (rulesA.D.312–337) reunites eastern and western Roman empires, with new capital (Constantinople) on site of Byzantium(A.D.330);issues Edict of Milan legalizing Christianity(A.D.313);becomes a Christian on his deathbed(A.D.337).Council of Nicaea(A.D.325)defines orthodox Christian doctrine. First Gupta dynasty in India(c.A.D.320). 350–399 Huns (Mongols) invade Europe(c.A.D.360).Theodosius the Great (rulesA.D.392–395)—last emperor of a united Roman empire. Roman empire permanently divided inA.D.395:western empire ruled from Rome; eastern empire ruled from Constantinople. 400–449 Western Roman empire disintegrates under weak emperors. Alaric, king of the Visigoths, sacks Rome(A.D.410).Attila, Hun chieftain, attacks Roman provinces(A.D.433).St. Patrick returns to Ireland(A.D.432) and brings Christianity to the island.St. Augustine'sCity of God(A.D.411). 450–499 Vandals destroy Rome(A.D.455).Western Roman empire ends as Odoacer, German chieftain, overthrows last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus, and becomes king of Italy(A.D.476).Ostrogothic kingdom of Italy established by Theodoric the Great(A.D.493).Clovis, ruler of the Franks, is converted to Christianity(A.D.496).First schism between western and eastern churches(A.D.484). 500–549 Eastern and western churches reconciled(519).Justinian I, the Great(483–565),becomes Byzantine emperor(527),issues his first code of civil laws(529),conquers North Africa, Italy, and part of Spain. Plague spreads through Europe (542et seq.). Arthur, semi-legendary king of the Britons (killed,c. 537). Boëthius, Roman scholar (executed,524). 550–599 Beginnings of European silk industry after Justinian's missionaries smuggle silkworms out of China(553).Mohammed, founder of Islam(570–632).Buddhism in Japan(c. 560).St. Augustine of Canterbury brings Christianity to Britain(597).After killing about half the population, plague in Europe subsides(594). 600–649 Mohammed flees from Mecca to Medina (theHegira); first year of the Muslim calendar(622).Muslim empire grows(634).Arabs conquer Jerusalem(637),conquer Persians(641). 650–699 Arabs attack North Africa(670),destroy Carthage(697).Venerable Bede, English monk(672–735). 700–749 Arab empire extends from Lisbon to China (by716). Charles Martel, Frankish leader, defeats Arabs at Tours/Poitiers, halting Arab advance in Europe(732).Charlemagne(742–814).Introduction of pagodas in Japan from China. 750–799 Charlemagne becomes king of the Franks(771).Caliph Harun al-Rashid rules Arab empire(786–809):the “golden age” of Arab culture. Vikings begin attacks on Britain(790),land in Ireland(795).City of Machu Picchu flourishes in Peru.