1000–1099(A.D.)World History Mesa VerdeCliff Dwellings(c. 1000–1300) Pete Maio Cathedral and Tower at Pisa Tasha Vincent c. 1000–1300 Classic Puebloperiod of Anasazi culture; cliff dwellings. c. 1000 Hungary and Scandinavia converted to Christianity. Viking raider Leif Eriksson discovers North America, calls it Vinland.Beowulf,Old English epic. c. 1008 Murasaki Shikibu finishesThe Tale of Genji,the world's first novel. 1009 Muslims destroy Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. 1013 Danes control England. Canutetakes throne(1016),conquers Norway(1028),dies(1035);kingdom divided among his sons: Harold Harefoot (England), Sweyn (Norway), Hardecanute (Denmark). 1040 Macbeth murders Duncan, king of Scotland. 1053 Robert Guiscard, Norman invader, establishes kingdom in Italy, conquers Sicily(1072). 1054 Final separation between Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Roman) churches. 1055 Seljuk Turks, Asian nomads, move west, capture Baghdad, Armenia(1064),Syria, and Palestine(1075). 1066 William of Normandy invades England, defeats last Saxon king, Harold II, at Battle of Hastings, crowned William Iof England (“the Conqueror”). 1068 Construction on the cathedral in Pisa, Italy, begins. 1073 Emergence of strong papacy when Gregory VII is elected. Conflict with English and French kings and German emperors will continue throughout medieval period. 1095 At Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II calls for a holy war to wrest control of Jerusalem from Muslims, which launches the First Crusade (1096), one of at least 8 European military campaigns between 1095 and 1291 to regain the Holy Land. (For detailed chronology, see The Crusades.)