1800–1899(A.D.)World History (part 3 of 3): 1865 Gen. Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox; the Civil War is over. Lincoln fatally shot at Ford's Theater by John Wilkes Booth. Vice President Johnson sworn as successor. Booth caught and dies of gunshot wounds; four conspirators are hanged. Joseph Listerbegins antiseptic surgery. Gregor Mendel'sLaw of Heredity. Lewis Carroll'sAlice's Adventures in Wonderland. 1866 Alfred Nobelinvents dynamite (patented in Britain,1867). Seven Weeks' War: Austria defeated by Prussia and Italy. 1867 Austria-Hungary Dual Monarchy established. French leave Mexico; Maximilian executed. Dominion of Canada established. U.S. buys Alaska from Russia for $7,200,000. South African diamond field discovered. Japan ends 675–year shogun rule. Volume I of Marx'sDas Kapital. Strauss'sBlue Danube. 1868 Revolution in Spain; Queen Isabella deposed, flees to France. In U.S., Fourteenth Amendmentgiving civil rights to blacks is ratified. Georgia under military government after legislature expels blacks. 1869 First U.S. transcontinental rail route completed. James Fiskand Jay Gould's attempt to control gold market causes Black Friday panic. Suez Canalopens. Mendeleev's periodic table of elements. 1870 Franco-Prussian War(to1871): Napoleon III capitulates at Sedan. Revolt in Paris; Third Republic proclaimed. 1871 France surrenders Alsace-Lorraine to Germany; war ends. German Empire proclaimed with Prussian King as Kaiser Wilhelm I. Fighting with Apaches begins in American West. Boss Tweedcorruption exposed in New York. The Chicago Fire, with 250 deaths and $196-million damage. Stanleymeets Livingstonein Africa. 1872 Congress gives amnesty to most Confederates. Jules Verne'sAround the World in 80 Days. 1873 Economic crisis in Europe. U.S. establishes gold standard. 1875 First Kentucky Derby. 1876 Sioux kill Gen. George A. Custerand 264 troopers at Little Big Horn River. Alexander Graham Bellpatents the telephone. 1877 After presidential election of1876,electoral commission gives disputed electoral college votes to Rutherford B. Hayes despite Tilden's popular majority. Russo-Turkish war(ends in1878with power of Turkey in Europe broken). Reconstructionends in the American South. Thomas Edisonpatents phonograph. The Nez Perce leader Chief Josephis forced to surrender. Tchaikovsky'sSwan Lake. 1878 Congress of Berlinrevises Treaty of San Stefano, ending Russo-Turkish War; makes extensive redivision of southeast Europe. First commercial telephone exchange opened in New Haven, Conn. 1879 Thomas A. Edison invents practical electric light. 1880 U.S.-China treaty allows U.S. to restrict immigration of Chinese labor. 1881 President Garfieldfatally shot by assassin; Vice President Arthur succeeds him. Charles J. Guiteau convicted and executed (1882). 1882 Terrorism in Ireland after land evictions. Britain invades and conquers Egypt. Germany, Austria, and Italy form Triple Alliance. In U.S., Congress adopts Chinese Exclusion Act. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Trust is first industrial monopoly. In Berlin, Robert Kochannounces discovery of tuberculosis germ. 1883 Congress creates Civil Service Commission. Brooklyn Bridge and Metropolitan OperaHouse completed. 1884 Berlin West Africa Conference held in Berlin (lasting untilFeb. 1885), at which the major European nations discuss expansion in Africa. 1885 British general Charles G. “Chinese” Gordonkilled at Khartoum in Egyptian Sudan. World's first skyscraper built in Chicago. 1886 Bombing at Haymarket Square, Chicago, kills seven policemen and injures many others. Eight alleged anarchists accused—three imprisoned, one commits suicide, four hanged. (In1893,Illinois governor Altgeld, critical of trial, pardons three survivors.) Statue of Libertydedicated. Geronimo, Apache Indian chief, surrenders. 1887 Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's first Sherlock Holmes story,A Study in Scarlet. 1888 Historic March blizzard in northeast U.S.—many perish, property damage exceeds $25 million. George Eastman's box camera (the Kodak). J. B. Dunlop invents pneumatic tire. Jack the Ripper murders in London. 1889 Second (Socialist) International founded in Paris. Indian Territory in Oklahoma opened to settlement. Thousands die in Johnstown, Pa. flood. Eiffel Tower built for the Paris exposition. Mark Twain'sA Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court. 1890 Congress votes to pass Sherman Antitrust Act. Sioux chief Sitting Bullarrested and killed by police on Pine Ridge reservation; two weeks later, U.S. troops kill over 200 Sioux at Battle of Wounded Knee. 1892 Battle between steel strikers and Pinkerton guards at Homestead, Pa.; union defeated after militia intervenes. Silver mine strikers in Idaho fight non-union workers; U.S. troops dispatched. Diesel enginepatented. 1893 New Zealand becomes first country in the world to grant women the vote.