1960 – 1969 World History Robert Frost (1874–1963) Archive Photos John H. Glenn, Jr. (1921– ) The Library of Congress Picture Collection William Faulkner (1897–1962) Archive Photos Malcolm X (1925–1965) Archive Photos John F. Kennedy (1917–1963) John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library, Boston James H. Meredith (1933–) The Library of Congress Picture Collection Betty Friedan (1921–2006) The Library of Congress Picture Collection The Beatles Archive Photos Thurgood Marshall (1908–1993) U.S. Supreme Court 1960 American U-2 spy plane, piloted by Francis Gary Powers, shot down over Russia(May 1).Khrushchev kills Paris summit conference because of U-2(May 16).Top Nazi murderer of Jews, Adolf Eichmann, captured by Israelis in Argentina(May 23)—executed in Israel in1962.Powers sentenced to prison for 10 years(Aug. 19)—freed inFebruary 1962in exchange for Soviet spy. Communist China and Soviet Union split in conflict over Communist ideology. Senegal, Ghana, Nigeria, Madagascar, and Zaire(Belgian Congo) gain independence. Cuba begins confiscation of $770 million of U.S. property(Aug. 7).There are 900 U.S. military advisers in South Vietnam. 1961 U.S. breaks diplomatic relations with Cuba(Jan. 3). Robert Frostrecites “The Gift Outright” at John F. Kennedy's inauguration as president of U.S.(Jan. 20).Moscow announces putting first man in orbit around Earth, Maj. Yuri A. Gagarin(April 12).Cuba invaded at Bay of Pigsby an estimated 1,200 anti-Castro exiles aided by U.S.; invasion crushed(April 17).First U.S. spaceman, Navy Cmdr. Alan B. Shepard, Jr., rockets 116.5 miles up in 302-mile trip(May 5).Virgil Grissom becomes second American astronaut, making 118-mile-high, 303-mile-long rocket flightover Atlantic(July 21).Gherman Stepanovich Titov is launched in Soviet spaceshipVostok II:makes 171/2 orbits in 25 hours, covering 434,960 miles before landing safely(Aug. 6).East Germans erect Berlin Wall between East and West Berlin to halt flood of refugees(Aug. 13).USSR fires 50-megaton hydrogen bomb, biggest explosion in history(Oct. 29).There are 2,000 U.S. military advisers in South Vietnam. 1962 Lt. Col. John H. Glenn, Jr., is first American to orbit Earth—three times in 4 hr 55 min(Feb. 20).France transfers sovereignty to new republic of Algeria(July 3). Cuban missile crisis> USSR to build missile bases in Cuba; Kennedy orders Cuban blockade, lifts blockade after Russians back down(Aug.–Nov.).James H. Meredith, escorted by federal marshals, registers at University of Mississippi(Oct. 1). Pope John XXIIIopens Second Vatican Council(Oct. 11)—Council holds four sessions, finally closingDec. 8, 1965.Cuba releases 1,113 prisoners of 1961 invasion attempt(Dec. 24).Burundi, Jamaica, Western Samoa, Uganda, and Trinidad and Tobago become independent. William Faulknerwins Pulitzer forThe Reivers. Rachel Carson'sSilent Spring. 1963 France and West Germany sign treaty of cooperation ending four centuries of conflict(Jan. 22).Michael E. De Bakeyimplants artificial heart in human for first time at Houston hospital; plastic device functions and patient lives for four days(April 21).Pope John XXIII dies(June 3)—succeededJune 21by Cardinal Montini, who becomes Paul VI. U.S. Supreme Court rules no locality may require recitation of Lord's Prayer or Bible verses in public schools(June 17).U.K.'s Profumoscandal(June).Civil rights rally held by 200,000 blacks and whites in Washington, D.C.; Martin Luther Kingdelivers “I have a dream” speech(Aug. 28).Washington-to-Moscow “hot line” communications link opens, designed to reduce risk of accidental war(Aug. 30).President Kennedyshot and killed by sniper in Dallas, Tex. Lyndon B. Johnsonbecomes president same day(Nov. 22). Lee Harvey Oswald, accused assassinof President Kennedy, is shot and killed by Jack Ruby, Dallas nightclub owner(Nov. 24).Kenya achieves independence. Betty FriedanpublishesThe Feminine Mystique.There are 15,000 U.S. military advisers in South Vietnam. 1964 U.S. Supreme Court rules that congressional districts should be roughly equal in population(Feb. 17).Jack Ruby convicted of murder in slaying of Lee Harvey Oswald; sentenced to death by Dallas jury(March 14)—conviction reversedOct. 5, 1966;Ruby diesJan. 3, 1967,before second trial can be held. Three civil rights workers—Schwerner, Goodman, and Cheney—murdered in Mississippi(June).Twenty-one arrests result in trial and conviction of seven by federal jury. Nelson Mandelasentenced to life imprisonment(June 11).Congress approves Gulf of Tonkin resolution(Aug. 7).President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy issues Warren Reportconcluding that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone. The Beatlesappear onThe Ed Sullivan Show. 1965 Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and more than 2,600 other blacks arrested in Selma, Ala., during three-day demonstrations against voter-registration rules(Feb. 1). Malcolm X, black-nationalist leader, shot to death at Harlem rally in New York City(Feb. 21).