1500–1599(A.D.)World History Michelangelo's David (1504) Tasha Vincent Martin Luther (1483–1546) Henry VIII(1491–1547) Queen Elizabeth I (1533–1603) William Shakespeare (1564–1616) Rembrandt van Rijn (1606–1669) Catherine de Medici (1519–1589) 1501 First black slaves in America brought to Spanish colony of Santo Domingo. c. 1503 Leonardo da Vincipaints theMona Lisa.Michelangelo sculpts theDavid(1504). 1506 St. Peter's Church started in Rome; designed and decorated by such artists and architects as Bramante, Michelangelo, da Vinci, Raphael, and Bernini before its completion in1626. 1509 Henry VIIIascends English throne. Michelangelo paints the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. 1513 Balboa becomes the first European to encounter the Pacific Ocean. Machiavelli writesThe Prince. 1517 Turks conquer Egypt, control Arabia. Martin Lutherposts his 95 theses denouncing church abuses on church door in Wittenberg—start of the Reformationin Germany. 1519 Ulrich Zwingli begins Reformation in Switzerland. Hernando Cortes conquers Mexico for Spain. Charles I of Spain is chosen Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan sets out to circumnavigate the globe. 1520 Luther excommunicated by Pope Leo X. Suleiman I(“the Magnificent”) becomes Sultan of Turkey, invades Hungary(1521),Rhodes(1522),attacks Austria(1529),annexes Hungary(1541),Tripoli(1551),makes peace with Persia(1553),destroys Spanish fleet(1560),dies(1566).Magellan reaches the Pacific, is killed by Philippine natives(1521).One of his ships under Juan Sebastián del Cano continues around the world, reaches Spain(1522). 1524 Verrazano, sailing under the French flag, explores the New England coast and New York Bay. 1527 Troops of the Holy Roman Empire attack Rome, imprison Pope Clement VII—the end of the Italian Renaissance. Castiglione writesThe Courtier.The Medici family expelled from Florence. 1532 Pizarro marches from Panama to Peru, kills the Inca chieftain, Atahualpa, of Peru(1533).Machiavelli'sThe Princepublished posthumously. 1535 Reformation begins as Henry VIII makes himself head of English Church after being excommunicated by Pope. Sir Thomas Moreexecuted as traitor for refusal to acknowledge king's religious authority. Jacques Cartier sails up the St. Lawrence River, basis of French claims to Canada. 1536 Henry VIII executes second wife, Anne Boleyn. John Calvin establishes Reformed and Presbyterian form of Protestantism in Switzerland, writesInstitutes of the Christian Religion.Danish and Norwegian Reformations. Michelangelo'sLast Judgment. 1541 John Knox leads Reformation in Scotland, establishes Presbyterian church there(1560). 1543 Publication ofOn the Revolution of Heavenly Bodiesby Polish scholar Nicolaus Copernicus—giving his theory that the earth revolves around the sun. 1545 Council of Trent to meet intermittently until1563to define Catholic dogma and doctrine, reiterate papal authority. 1547 Ivan IV(“the Terrible”) crowned as czar of Russia, begins conquest of Astrakhan and Kazan(1552),battles nobles (boyars) for power(1564),kills his son(1580),dies, and is succeeded by his weak and feeble-minded son, Fyodor I. 1553 Roman Catholicism restored in England by Queen Mary I. 1556 Akbar the Great becomes Mogulemperor of India, conquers Afghanistan(1581),continues wars of conquest (until1605). 1558 Queen Elizabeth Iascends the throne (rules to1603). Restores Protestantism, establishes state Church of England (Anglicanism). Renaissance will reach height in England— Shakespeare, Marlowe, Spenser. 1561 Persecution of Huguenotsin France stopped by Edict of Orleans. French religious wars begin again with massacre of Huguenots at Vassy. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre—thousands of Huguenots murdered(1572).Amnesty granted(1573).Persecution continues periodically until Edict of Nantes(1598)gives Huguenots religious freedom (until1685). 1568 Protestant Netherlands revolts against Catholic Spain; independence will be acknowledged by Spain in1648. 1570 Japan permits visits of foreign ships. Queen Elizabeth I excommunicated by Pope. Turks attack Cyprus and war on Venice. Turkish fleet defeated at Battle of Lepanto by Spanish and Italian fleets(1571).Peace of Constantinople(1572)ends Turkish attacks on Europe. 1580 Francis Drake returns to England after circumnavigating the globe; knighted by Queen Elizabeth I(1581).Montaigne'sEssayspublished. 1582 Pope Gregory XIII implements the Gregorian calendar. 1583 William of Orange rules the Netherlands; assassinated on orders of Philip II of Spain(1584). 1587 Mary, Queen of Scots, executed for treason by order of Queen Elizabeth I. Monteverdi'sFirst Book of Madrigals. 1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada by English. Henry, King of Navarre and Protestant leader, recognized as Henry IV, first Bourbon king of France. Converts to Roman Catholicism in1593in attempt to end religious wars.