1800–1899(A.D.)World History (part 1 of 3): War of 1812 The Civil War Spanish-American War (1898–1899) Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) Richard Wagner (1813–1883) Archive Photos Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849) The Library of Congress Picture Collection Frederick Douglass (1817–1895) National Archives and Records Admin. Harriet Tubman (c. 1820–1913) The Library of Congress Picture Collection Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811–1896) National Archives and Records Admin. Walt Whitman (1819–1892) The Library of Congress Picture Collection Dred Scott (1795?–1858) The Library of Congress Picture Collection Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) National Archives and Records Admin. Charles Darwin (1809–1882) Robert E. Lee (1807–1870) National Archives and Records Admin. William Tecumseh Sherman (1820–1891) National Archives and Records Admin. Chief Joseph (c. 1840–1904) National Archives and Records Admin. Statue of Liberty Tasha Vincent Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) (1835–1910) The Library of Congress Picture Collection The Eiffel Tower Tasha Vincent Marie Curie (1867–1934) AIP Niels Bohr Library 1800 Napoleon conquers Italy, firmly establishes himself as First Consul in France. In the U.S., federal government moves to Washington, D.C. Robert Owen's social reforms in England. William Herschel discovers infrared rays. Alessandro Volta produces electricity. 1801 Austria makes temporary peace with France. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland established with one monarch and one parliament; Catholics excluded from voting. 1803 U.S. negotiates Louisiana Purchasefrom France: for $15 million, U.S. doubles its domain, increasing its territory by 827,000 sq mi (2,144,500 sq km), from Mississippi River to Rockies and from Gulf of Mexico to British North America. 1804 Haiti declares independence from France; first black nation to gain freedom from European colonial rule. Napoleon transforms the Consulate of France into an empire, proclaims himself emperor of France, systematizes French law underCode Napoleon.In the U.S., Alexander Hamiltonis mortally wounded in duel with Aaron Burr. Lewis and Clark expeditionbegins exploration of what is now northwest U.S. 1805 Lord Nelsondefeats the French-Spanish fleets in the Battle of Trafalgar. Napoleon victorious over Austrian and Russian forces at the Battle of Austerlitz. 1807 Robert Fulton makes first successful steamboat trip onClermontbetween New York City and Albany. 1808 French armies occupy Rome and Spain, extending Napoleon's empire. Britain begins aiding Spanish guerrillas against Napoleon in Peninsular War. In the U.S., Congress bars importation of slaves. Beethoven'sFifthandSixth Symphoniesperformed. 1812 Napoleon's Grand Army invades Russia in June. Forced to retreat in winter, most of Napoleon's 600,000 men are lost. In the U.S., war with Britain declared over freedom of the seas for U.S. vessels (War of 1812). USSConstitution(For detailed chronology, see War of 1812.) sinks British frigate. 1814 French defeated by allies (Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, and Portugal) in War of Liberation. Napoleon exiled to Elba, off Italian coast. Bourbon king Louis XVIII takes French throne. George Stephenson builds first practical steam locomotive. 1815 Napoleon returns: “Hundred Days” begin. Napoleon defeated by Wellington at Waterloo, banished again to St. Helena in South Atlantic. Congress of Vienna: victorious allies change the map of Europe. War of 1812 ends with Treaty of Ghent. 1819 Simón Bolívarliberates New Granada (now Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador) as Spain loses hold on South American countries; named president of Colombia. 1820 Missouri Compromise> Missouri admitted as slave state but slavery barred in rest of Louisiana Purchase north of 36°30' N. 1821 Guatemala, Panama, and Santo Domingo proclaim independence from Spain. 1822 Greeks proclaim a republic and independence from Turkey. Turks invade Greece. Russia declares war on Turkey(1828).Greece also aided by France and Britain. War ends and Turks recognize Greek independence(1829).Brazil becomes independent of Portugal. Schubert'sEighth Symphony(“The Unfinished”). 1823 U.S. Monroe Doctrinewarns European nations not to interfere in Western Hemisphere. 1824 Mexico becomes a republic, three years after declaring independence from Spain. Bolívar liberates Peru, becomes its president. Beethoven'sNinth Symphony. 1825 First passenger-carrying railroadin England. 1826 Joseph-Nicéphore Niepce takes the world's first photograph. 1830 French invade Algeria. Louis Philippe becomes “Citizen King” as revolution forces Charles X to abdicate. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- day Saintsformed in U.S. by Joseph Smith. 1831 Polish revolt against Russia fails. Belgium separates from the Netherlands. In U.S., Nat Turnerleads unsuccessful slave rebellion. 1833 Slavery abolished in British Empire. 1834 Charles Babbage invents “analytical engine,” precursor of computer. McCormick patents reaper.