1910 – 1919 World History Albert Einstein (1879–1955) AIP Niels Bohr Library Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924) Novosti Photos Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924) The Library of Congress Picture Collection 1910 Boy Scouts of Americaincorporated. Angel Island, in San Francisco Bay, becomes immigration center for Asians entering U.S. 1911 First use of aircraft as offensive weapon in Turkish-Italian War. Italy defeats Turks and annexes Tripoliand Libya. Chinese Republic proclaimed after revolution overthrows Manchudynasty. Sun Yat-sennamed president. Mexican Revolution: Porfirio Diaz, president since 1877, replaced by Francisco Madero. Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire in New York; 146 killed. Amundsenreaches South Pole. Ernest Rutherford discovers the structure of the atom. Richard Strauss'sDer Rosenkavalier. Irving Berlin'sAlexander's Ragtime Band. 1912 Balkan Wars(1912–1913)resulting from territorial disputes: Turkey defeated by alliance of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro; London peace treaty(1913)partitions most of European Turkey among the victors. In second war(1913),Bulgaria attacks Serbia and Greece and is defeated after Romania intervenes and Turks recapture Adrianople. Titanicsinks on maiden voyage; over 1,500 drown. New Mexico and Arizona admitted as states. 1913 Suffragists demonstrate in London. Garment workers strike in New York and Boston; win pay raise and shorter hours. Henry Ford develops first moving assembly line. 16th Amendment (income tax)and 17th (popular election of U.S. senators) adopted. Bill creating U.S. Federal Reserve Systembecomes law. Stravinsky'sThe Rite of Spring. Woodrow Wilsonbecomes 28th U.S. president. Armory Show introduces modern art to U.S.; Duchamp'sNude Descending a Staircaseshocks public. 1914 World War Ibegins: Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinandand wife Sophie are assassinated; Austria declares war on Serbia, Germany on Russia and France, Britain on Germany. (For detailed chronology see, World War I.) Panama Canalofficially opened. Congress sets up Federal Trade Commission, passes Clayton Antitrust Act. U.S. Marines occupy Veracruz, Mexico, intervening in civil war to protect American interests. 1915 Lusitaniasunk by German submarine. Second Battle of Ypres. U.S. banks lend $500 million to France and Britain. Genocide of estimated 600,000 to 1 million Armenians by Turkish soldiers. D. W. Griffith's filmBirth of a Nation. Albert Einstein'sGeneral Theory of Relativity. 1916 Congress expands armed forces. Battle of Verdun. Battle of the Somme. Tom Mooney arrested for San Francisco bombing (pardoned in 1939). Pershingfails in raid into Mexico in quest of rebel Pancho Villa. U.S. buys Virgin Islands from Denmark for $25 million. President Wilson re-elected with “he kept us out of war” slogan. “Black Tom”explosion at munitions dock in Jersey City, N.J., $40,000,000 damages; traced to German saboteurs. Margaret Sangeropens first birth control clinic. Easter Rebellion in Irelandput down by British troops. Jeannette Rankinbecomes first woman elected to Congress. 1917 First U.S. combat troops in France as U.S. declares war on Germany(April 6).Third Battle of Ypres. Russian Revolutionof 1917—climax of long unrest under czars. February Revolution—Nicholas II forced to abdicate, liberal government created. Kerensky becomes prime minister and forms provisional government(July).In October Revolution, Bolsheviks seize power in armed coup d'état led by Leninand Trotsky. Kerenskyflees. BalfourDeclaration promises Jewish homeland in Palestine. U.S. declares war on Austria-Hungary(Dec. 7).Armistice between new Russian Bolshevik government and Germans(Dec. 15). Sigmund Freud'sIntroduction to Psychoanalysis. 1918 Russian revolutionaries execute the former czar and his family. Russian Civil Warbetween Reds (Bolsheviks) and Whites (anti-Bolsheviks); Reds win in1920.Allied troops (U.S., British, French) intervene(March);leave in1919.Second Battle of the Marne(July–Aug.)German Kaiser abdicates(Nov.);hostilities cease on the Western Front. Japanese hold Vladivostokuntil1922.Worldwide influenzaepidemic strikes; by1920,nearly 20 million are dead. In U.S. alone, 500,000 perish. 1919 Third International ( Comintern) establishes Soviet control over international Communist movements. Paris peace conference. Versailles Treaty, incorporating Woodrow Wilson's draft Covenant of League of Nations, signed by Allies and Germany; rejected by U.S. Senate. Congress formally ends war in1921.18th ( Prohibition) Amendment adopted. Alcock and Brown make first trans-Atlantic nonstop flight. Mahatma Gandhiinitiates satyagraha (“truth force”) campaigns, beginning his nonviolent resistance movement against British rule in India.