All Nobel Prizes (2006-2009): 2009 TheNobelPrizein Physics 2009 Charles Kuen Kao "for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmissionoflight in fibers for optical communication" Willard S. BoyleandGeorge E. Smith "for the inventionofan imaging semiconductor circuit - the CCD sensor" TheNobelPrizein Chemistry 2009 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan,Thomas A. SteitzandAda E. Yonath "for studiesofthe structure and functionofthe ribosome" TheNobelPrizein Physiology or Medicine 2009 Elizabeth H. Blackburn,Carol W. GreiderandJack W. Szostak "for the discoveryofhow chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase" TheNobelPrizein Literature 2009 Herta Müller "who, with the concentrationofpoetry and the franknessofprose, depicts the landscapeofthe dispossessed" TheNobelPeacePrize2009 Barack H. Obama "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples" The Sveriges RiksbankPrizein Economic Sciences in MemoryofAlfredNobel2009 Elinor Ostrom "for her analysisofeconomic governance, especially the commons" Oliver E. Williamson "for his analysisofeconomic governance, especially the boundariesofthe firm" 2008 TheNobelPrizein Physics 2008 Yoichiro Nambu "for the discoveryofthe mechanismofspontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics" Makoto KobayashiandToshihide Maskawa "for the discoveryofthe originofthe broken symmetry which predicts the existenceofat least three familiesofquarks in nature" TheNobelPrizein Chemistry 2008 Osamu Shimomura,Martin ChalfieandRoger Y. Tsien "for the discovery and developmentofthe green fluorescent protein, GFP" TheNobelPrizein Physiology or Medicine 2008 Harald zur Hausen "for his discoveryofhuman papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer" Françoise Barré-SinoussiandLuc Montagnier "for their discoveryofhuman immunodeficiency virus" TheNobelPrizein Literature 2008 Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio "authorofnew departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorerofa humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization" TheNobelPeacePrize2008 Martti Ahtisaari "for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts" The Sveriges RiksbankPrizein Economic Sciences in MemoryofAlfredNobel2008 Paul Krugman "for his analysisoftrade patterns and locationofeconomic activity" 2007 TheNobelPrizein Physics 2007 Albert FertandPeter Grünberg "for the discoveryofGiant Magnetoresistance" TheNobelPrizein Chemistry 2007 Gerhard Ertl "for his studiesofchemical processes on solid surfaces" TheNobelPrizein Physiology or Medicine 2007 Mario R. Capecchi,Sir Martin J. EvansandOliver Smithies "for their discoveriesofprinciples for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the useofembryonic stem cells" TheNobelPrizein Literature 2007 Doris Lessing "that epicistofthe female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny" TheNobelPeacePrize2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)andAlbert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change" The Sveriges RiksbankPrizein Economic Sciences in MemoryofAlfredNobel2007 Leonid Hurwicz,Eric S. MaskinandRoger B. Myerson "for having laid the foundationsofmechanism design theory" 2006 TheNobelPrizein Physics 2006 John C. MatherandGeorge F. Smoot "for their discoveryofthe blackbody form and anisotropyofthe cosmic microwave background radiation" TheNobelPrizein Chemistry 2006 Roger D. Kornberg "for his studiesofthe molecular basisofeukaryotic transcription" TheNobelPrizein Physiology or Medicine 2006 Andrew Z. FireandCraig C. Mello "for their discoveryofRNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA" TheNobelPrizein Literature 2006 Orhan Pamuk "who in the quest for the melancholic soulofhis native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacingofcultures" TheNobelPeacePrize2006 Muhammad YunusandGrameen Bank "for their efforts to create economic and social development from below" The Sveriges RiksbankPrizein Economic Sciences in MemoryofAlfredNobel2006 Edmund S. Phelps "for his analysisofintertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy"