All Nobel Prizes (2000-2002): 2002 TheNobelPrize in Physics 2002 Raymond Davis Jr.andMasatoshi Koshiba "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos" Riccardo Giacconi "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources" TheNobelPrize in Chemistry 2002 "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules" John B. FennandKoichi Tanaka "for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules" Kurt Wüthrich "for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution" TheNobelPrize in Physiology or Medicine 2002 Sydney Brenner,H. Robert HorvitzandJohn E. Sulston "for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'" TheNobelPrize in Literature 2002 Imre Kertész "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history" TheNobelPeace Prize 2002 Jimmy Carter "for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development" The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of AlfredNobel2002 Daniel Kahneman "for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty" Vernon L. Smith "for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms" 2001 TheNobelPrize in Physics 2001 Eric A. Cornell,Wolfgang KetterleandCarl E. Wieman "for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates" TheNobelPrize in Chemistry 2001 William S. KnowlesandRyoji Noyori "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions" K. Barry Sharpless "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions" TheNobelPrize in Physiology or Medicine 2001 Leland H. Hartwell,Tim HuntandSir Paul M. Nurse "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle" TheNobelPrize in Literature 2001 Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul "for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories" TheNobelPeace Prize 2001 United Nations (U.N.)andKofi Annan "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world" The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of AlfredNobel2001 George A. Akerlof,A. Michael SpenceandJoseph E. Stiglitz "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information" 2000 TheNobelPrize in Physics 2000 "for basic work on information and communication technology" Zhores I. AlferovandHerbert Kroemer "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics" Jack S. Kilby "for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit" TheNobelPrize in Chemistry 2000 Alan J. Heeger,Alan G. MacDiarmidandHideki Shirakawa "for the discovery and development of conductive polymers" TheNobelPrize in Physiology or Medicine 2000 Arvid Carlsson,Paul GreengardandEric R. Kandel "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system" TheNobelPrize in Literature 2000 Gao Xingjian "for an æuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama" TheNobelPeace Prize 2000 Kim Dae-jung "for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular" The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of AlfredNobel2000 James J. Heckman "for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples" Daniel L. McFadden "for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice"