All Nobel Prizes (1951-1956): 1956 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 William Bradford Shockley,John BardeenandWalter Houser Brattain "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956 Sir Cyril Norman HinshelwoodandNikolay Nikolaevich Semenov "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956 André Frédéric Cournand,Werner ForssmannandDickinson W. Richards "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1956 Juan Ramón Jiménez "for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity" The Nobel Peace Prize 1956 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1955 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1955 Willis Eugene Lamb "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum" Polykarp Kusch "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1955 Vincent du Vigneaud "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1955 Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell "for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1955 Halldór Kiljan Laxness "for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland" The Nobel Peace Prize 1955 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1954 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954 Max Born "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction" Walther Bothe "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954 Linus Carl Pauling "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954 John Franklin Enders,Thomas Huckle WellerandFrederick Chapman Robbins "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954 Ernest Miller Hemingway "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style" The Nobel Peace Prize 1954 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 1953 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953 Frits (Frederik) Zernike "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1953 Hermann Staudinger "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953 Hans Adolf Krebs "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle" Fritz Albert Lipmann "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1953 Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values" The Nobel Peace Prize 1953 George Catlett Marshall 1952 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1952 Felix BlochandEdward Mills Purcell "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952 Archer John Porter MartinandRichard Laurence Millington Synge "for their invention of partition chromatography" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952 Selman Abraham Waksman "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1952 François Mauriac "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life" The Nobel Peace Prize 1952 Albert Schweitzer 1951 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951 Sir John Douglas CockcroftandErnest Thomas Sinton Walton "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951 Edwin Mattison McMillanandGlenn Theodore Seaborg "for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1951 Max Theiler "for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1951 Pär Fabian Lagerkvist "for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind" The Nobel Peace Prize 1951 Léon Jouhaux