All Nobel Prizes (1988-1991): 1991 TheNobelPrizein Physics 1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers" TheNobelPrizein Chemistry 1991 Richard R. Ernst "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" TheNobelPrizein Physiology or Medicine 1991 Erwin NeherandBert Sakmann "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1991 Nadine Gordimer "who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity" The Nobel Peace Prize 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi "for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights" The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1991 Ronald H. Coase "for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy" 1990 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990 Jerome I. Friedman,Henry W. KendallandRichard E. Taylor "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990 Elias James Corey "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990 Joseph E. MurrayandE. Donnall Thomas "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1990 Octavio Paz "for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity" The Nobel Peace Prize 1990 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev "for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community" The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1990 Harry M. Markowitz,Merton H. MillerandWilliam F. Sharpe "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics" 1989 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1989 Norman F. Ramsey "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks" Hans G. DehmeltandWolfgang Paul "for the development of the ion trap technique" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989 Sidney AltmanandThomas R. Cech "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989 J. Michael BishopandHarold E. Varmus "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1989 Camilo José Cela "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability" The Nobel Peace Prize 1989 The 14th Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso) The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1989 Trygve Haavelmo "for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures" 1988 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988 Leon M. Lederman,Melvin SchwartzandJack Steinberger "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1988 Johann Deisenhofer,Robert HuberandHartmut Michel "for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988 Sir James W. Black,Gertrude B. ElionandGeorge H. Hitchings "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1988 Naguib Mahfouz "who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind" The Nobel Peace Prize 1988 United Nations Peacekeeping Forces The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1988 Maurice Allais "for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources"