1400–1499(A.D.)World History The Duomo in Florence Linda J. Barnes Joan of Arc (1412–1431) 1407 Casa di San Giorgio, one of the first public banks, founded in Genoa. 1415 Henry V defeats French at Agincourt. Jan Hus, Bohemian preacher and follower of Wycliffe, burned at stake in Constance as heretic. 1418–1460 Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigatorsponsors exploration of Africa's coast. 1420 Brunelleschi begins work on the Duomo in Florence. 1428 Joan of Arcleads French against English, captured by Burgundians(1430)and turned over to the English, burned at the stake as a witch after ecclesiastical trial(1431). 1438 Incasrule in Peru. 1450 Florence becomes center of Renaissance arts and learning under the Medicis. 1453 Turks conquer Constantinople, end of the Byzantine empire, beginning of the Ottoman empire. 1455 The Wars of the Roses, civil wars between rival noble factions, begin in England (to1485). Having invented printing with movable type at Mainz, Germany, Johann Gutenberg completes first Bible. 1462 Ivan the Great rules Russia until1505as first czar; ends payment of tribute to Mongols. 1492 Moors conquered in Spain by troops of Ferdinand and Isabella. Columbusbecomes first European to encounter Caribbean islands, returns to Spain(1493).Second voyage to Dominica, Jamaica, Puerto Rico(1493–1496).Third voyage to Orinoco(1498).Fourth voyage to Honduras and Panama(1502–1504). 1497 Vasco da Gama sails around Africa and discovers sea route to India(1498).Establishes Portuguese colony in India(1502).John Cabot, employed by England, reaches and explores Canadian coast. Michelangelo'sBacchussculpture.

1000–1099(A.D.)World History Mesa VerdeCliff Dwellings(c. 1000–1300) Pete Maio Cathedral and Tower at Pisa Tasha Vincent c. 1000–1300 Classic Puebloperiod of Anasazi culture; cliff dwellings. c. 1000 Hungary and Scandinavia converted to Christianity. Viking raider Leif Eriksson discovers North America, calls it Vinland.Beowulf,Old English epic. c. 1008 Murasaki Shikibu finishesThe Tale of Genji,the world's first novel. 1009 Muslims destroy Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. 1013 Danes control England. Canutetakes throne(1016),conquers Norway(1028),dies(1035);kingdom divided among his sons: Harold Harefoot (England), Sweyn (Norway), Hardecanute (Denmark). 1040 Macbeth murders Duncan, king of Scotland. 1053 Robert Guiscard, Norman invader, establishes kingdom in Italy, conquers Sicily(1072). 1054 Final separation between Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Roman) churches. 1055 Seljuk Turks, Asian nomads, move west, capture Baghdad, Armenia(1064),Syria, and Palestine(1075). 1066 William of Normandy invades England, defeats last Saxon king, Harold II, at Battle of Hastings, crowned William Iof England (“the Conqueror”). 1068 Construction on the cathedral in Pisa, Italy, begins. 1073 Emergence of strong papacy when Gregory VII is elected. Conflict with English and French kings and German emperors will continue throughout medieval period. 1095 At Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II calls for a holy war to wrest control of Jerusalem from Muslims, which launches the First Crusade (1096), one of at least 8 European military campaigns between 1095 and 1291 to regain the Holy Land. (For detailed chronology, see The Crusades.)

1100–1199(A.D.)World History Chartres Cathedral Tasha Vincent 1100–1300 Construction of Cathedral at Chartres, France. 1144 Second Crusade begins. c. 1150 Angkor Watis completed. 1150–1167 Universities of Paris and Oxford founded in France and England. 1162 Thomas á Becketnamed Archbishop of Canterbury, murdered by Henry II's men(1170).Troubadours (wandering minstrels) glorify romantic concepts of feudalism. 1169 Ibn-Rushd begins translating Aristotle's works. 1189 Richard I (“the Lionhearted”) succeeds Henry II in England, killed in France(1199),succeeded by King John. Third Crusade.

1200–1299(A.D.)World History The Crusades King John (1167–1216) Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) 1200–1204 Fourth Crusade. 1211 Genghis Khan invades China, captures Peking(1214),conquers Persia(1218),invades Russia(1223),dies(1227). 1212 Children's Crusade. 1215 King John forced by barons to sign Magna Cartaat Runneymede, limiting royal power. 1217 Fifth Crusade. 1228 Sixth Crusade. 1231 The Inquisitionbegins as Pope Gregory IX assigns Dominicans responsibility for combating heresy. Torture used(1252).Ferdinand and Isabella establish Spanish Inquisition(1478).Tourquemada, Grand Inquisitor, forces conversion or expulsion of Spanish Jews(1492).Forced conversion of Moors(1499).Inquisition in Portugal(1531).First Protestants burned at the stake in Spain(1543).Spanish Inquisition abolished(1834). 1241 Mongols defeat Germans in Silesia, invade Poland and Hungary, withdraw from Europe after Ughetai, Mongol leader, dies. 1248 Seventh Crusade. 1251 Kublai Khan governs China, becomes ruler of Mongols(1259),establishes Yuan dynasty in China(1280),invades Burma(1287),dies(1294). 1260 Chartres cathedral consecrated. 1270 Eighth Crusade. 1271 Marco Poloof Venice travels to China, in court of Kublai Khan(1275–1292),returns to Genoa(1295)and writesTravels. 1273 Thomas Aquinasstops work onSumma Theologica,the basis of all Catholic theological teaching; never completes it. 1295 English King Edward I summons the Model Parliament.

1300–1399(A.D.)World History 1312–1337 Mali Empire reaches its height in Africa under King Mansa Musa. c. 1325 The beginning of the Renaissancein Italy: writers Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio; painter Giotto. Development ofNohdrama in Japan. Aztecsestablish Tenochtitlán on site of modern Mexico City. Peak of Muslim culture in Spain. Small cannon in use. 1337–1453 Hundred Years' War—English and French kings fight for control of France. 1347–1351 At least 25 million people die in Europe's “Black Death” (bubonic plague). 1368 MingDynasty begins in China. 1376–1382 John Wycliffe, pre-Reformation religious reformer, and followers translate Latin Bible into English. 1378 The Great Schism (to1417)—rival popes in Rome and Avignon, France, fight for control of Roman Catholic Church. c. 1387 Chaucer'sCanterbury Tales. 1398 Tamerlane, the Mongol conqueror, begins last great conquest—Delhi.