1920 – 1929 World History Benito Mussolini (1883–1945) National Archives and Records Admin. Bessie Smith (1894–1937) The Library of Congress Picture Collection William Butler Yeats (1865–1939) Archive Photos Joseph Stalin (1879–1953) U.S. Army Photos Dorothea Lange's photo “Migrant Mother” (1936) documented the Great Depression (1929–1940) The Library of Congress Picture Collection 1920 League of Nationsholds first meeting at Geneva, Switzerland. U.S. Dept. of Justice “red hunt” nets thousands of radicals; aliens deported. Women's suffrage(19th) amendment ratified. Treaty of Sèvres dissolves Ottoman Empire. First Agatha Christiemystery. Sinclair Lewis'sMain Street. 1921 Reparations Commission fixes German liability at 132 billion gold marks. German inflation begins. Major treaties signed at Washington Disarmament Conference limit naval tonnage and pledge to respect territorial integrity of China. In U.S., Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, Italian-born anarchists, convicted of armed robbery murder; case stirs worldwide protests; they are executed in1927. 1922 Mussolinimarches on Rome; forms Fascistgovernment. Irish Free State, a self-governing dominion of British Empire, officially proclaimed. Kemal Atatürk, founder of modern Turkey, overthrows last sultan. James Joyce'sUlysses. 1923 Adolf Hitler's “Beer Hall Putsch” in Munich fails; in 1924he is sentenced to five years in prison where he writesMein Kampf;released after eight months. Occupation of Ruhr by French and Belgian troops to enforce reparations payments. Widespread Ku Klux Klanviolence in U.S. Earthquake destroys third of Tokyo. George Gershwin'sRhapsody in Blue. Bessie Smith, known as “the Empress of the Blues,” makes her first record. Irish poet William Butler Yeatswins Nobel Prize in Literature. 1924 Death of Lenin; Stalinwins power struggle, rules as Soviet dictator until death in1953.Italian Fascists murder Socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti. Interior Secretary Albert B. Fall and oilmen Harry Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny are charged with conspiracy and bribery in the Teapot Domescandal, involving fraudulent leases of naval oil reserves. In1931,Fall is sentenced to year in prison; Doheny and Sinclair acquitted of bribery. Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb convicted in “thrill killing” of Bobby Franks in Chicago; defended by Clarence Darrow; sentenced to life imprisonment. (Loeb killed by fellow convict in1936;Leopold paroled in1958,dies in1971.) Robert Frostwins first of four Pulitzers. 1925 Nellie Tayloe Ross elected governor of Wyoming; first woman governor elected in U.S. Locarno conferencesseek to secure European peace by mutual guarantees. John T. Scopesconvicted and fined for teaching evolution in a public school in Tennessee “Monkey Trial”; sentence set aside. John Logie Baird, Scottish inventor, transmits human features by television. Hitlerpublishes Volume I ofMein Kampf. 1926 General strike in Britain brings nation's activities to standstill. U.S. marines dispatched to Nicaragua during revolt; they remain until1933. Gertrude Ederleof U.S. is first woman to swim English Channel. Ernest Hemingway'sThe Sun Also Rises. 1927 German economy collapses. Socialists riot in Vienna; general strike follows acquittal of Nazisfor political murder. Trotsky expelled from Russian Communist Party. Charles A. Lindberghflies first successful solo nonstop flight from New York to Paris. Ruth Snyder and Judd Gray convicted of murder of Albert Snyder; they are executed at Sing Sing prison in1928.Philo T. Farnsworth demonstrates working television model. Georges Lemaître proposes Big Bang Theory. Babe Ruthhits 60 home runs in the season; record stands for next 34 years.The Jazz Singer,with Al Jolson, first part-talking motion picture. 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact, outlawing war, signed in Paris by 65 nations. Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin. Richard E. Byrdstarts expedition to Antarctic; returns in1930.Anthropologist Margaret MeadpublishesComing of Age in Samoa.Final volume ofOxford English Dictionarypublished after 44 years of research. 1929 Trotskyexpelled from USSR Lateran Treatyestablishes independent VaticanCity. In U.S., stock market prices collapse, with U.S. securities losing $26 billion—first phase of Depressionand world economic crisis. St. Valentine's Day gangland massacre in Chicago. Edwin Powell Hubble proposes theory of expanding universe. Information Please® Database, © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1910 – 1919 World History 1900–1999 (A.D.) World History 1930 – 1939 World History More on1920 8211 1929 World Historyfrom Infoplease: Hitler: meaning and definitions- Hitler: Definition and Pronunciation woman suffrage: meaning and definitions- woman suffrage: Definition and Pronunciation Adolf Hitler- Hitler, Adolf Hitler, Adolf , 1889–1945, founder and leader of National Socialism (Nazism), ... Hitlerism: meaning and definitions- Hitlerism: Definition and Pronunciation

1910 – 1919 World History Albert Einstein (1879–1955) AIP Niels Bohr Library Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924) Novosti Photos Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924) The Library of Congress Picture Collection 1910 Boy Scouts of Americaincorporated. Angel Island, in San Francisco Bay, becomes immigration center for Asians entering U.S. 1911 First use of aircraft as offensive weapon in Turkish-Italian War. Italy defeats Turks and annexes Tripoliand Libya. Chinese Republic proclaimed after revolution overthrows Manchudynasty. Sun Yat-sennamed president. Mexican Revolution: Porfirio Diaz, president since 1877, replaced by Francisco Madero. Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire in New York; 146 killed. Amundsenreaches South Pole. Ernest Rutherford discovers the structure of the atom. Richard Strauss'sDer Rosenkavalier. Irving Berlin'sAlexander's Ragtime Band. 1912 Balkan Wars(1912–1913)resulting from territorial disputes: Turkey defeated by alliance of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro; London peace treaty(1913)partitions most of European Turkey among the victors. In second war(1913),Bulgaria attacks Serbia and Greece and is defeated after Romania intervenes and Turks recapture Adrianople. Titanicsinks on maiden voyage; over 1,500 drown. New Mexico and Arizona admitted as states. 1913 Suffragists demonstrate in London. Garment workers strike in New York and Boston; win pay raise and shorter hours. Henry Ford develops first moving assembly line. 16th Amendment (income tax)and 17th (popular election of U.S. senators) adopted. Bill creating U.S. Federal Reserve Systembecomes law. Stravinsky'sThe Rite of Spring. Woodrow Wilsonbecomes 28th U.S. president. Armory Show introduces modern art to U.S.; Duchamp'sNude Descending a Staircaseshocks public. 1914 World War Ibegins: Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinandand wife Sophie are assassinated; Austria declares war on Serbia, Germany on Russia and France, Britain on Germany. (For detailed chronology see, World War I.) Panama Canalofficially opened. Congress sets up Federal Trade Commission, passes Clayton Antitrust Act. U.S. Marines occupy Veracruz, Mexico, intervening in civil war to protect American interests. 1915 Lusitaniasunk by German submarine. Second Battle of Ypres. U.S. banks lend $500 million to France and Britain. Genocide of estimated 600,000 to 1 million Armenians by Turkish soldiers. D. W. Griffith's filmBirth of a Nation. Albert Einstein'sGeneral Theory of Relativity. 1916 Congress expands armed forces. Battle of Verdun. Battle of the Somme. Tom Mooney arrested for San Francisco bombing (pardoned in 1939). Pershingfails in raid into Mexico in quest of rebel Pancho Villa. U.S. buys Virgin Islands from Denmark for $25 million. President Wilson re-elected with “he kept us out of war” slogan. “Black Tom”explosion at munitions dock in Jersey City, N.J., $40,000,000 damages; traced to German saboteurs. Margaret Sangeropens first birth control clinic. Easter Rebellion in Irelandput down by British troops. Jeannette Rankinbecomes first woman elected to Congress. 1917 First U.S. combat troops in France as U.S. declares war on Germany(April 6).Third Battle of Ypres. Russian Revolutionof 1917—climax of long unrest under czars. February Revolution—Nicholas II forced to abdicate, liberal government created. Kerensky becomes prime minister and forms provisional government(July).In October Revolution, Bolsheviks seize power in armed coup d'état led by Leninand Trotsky. Kerenskyflees. BalfourDeclaration promises Jewish homeland in Palestine. U.S. declares war on Austria-Hungary(Dec. 7).Armistice between new Russian Bolshevik government and Germans(Dec. 15). Sigmund Freud'sIntroduction to Psychoanalysis. 1918 Russian revolutionaries execute the former czar and his family. Russian Civil Warbetween Reds (Bolsheviks) and Whites (anti-Bolsheviks); Reds win in1920.Allied troops (U.S., British, French) intervene(March);leave in1919.Second Battle of the Marne(July–Aug.)German Kaiser abdicates(Nov.);hostilities cease on the Western Front. Japanese hold Vladivostokuntil1922.Worldwide influenzaepidemic strikes; by1920,nearly 20 million are dead. In U.S. alone, 500,000 perish. 1919 Third International ( Comintern) establishes Soviet control over international Communist movements. Paris peace conference. Versailles Treaty, incorporating Woodrow Wilson's draft Covenant of League of Nations, signed by Allies and Germany; rejected by U.S. Senate. Congress formally ends war in1921.18th ( Prohibition) Amendment adopted. Alcock and Brown make first trans-Atlantic nonstop flight. Mahatma Gandhiinitiates satyagraha (“truth force”) campaigns, beginning his nonviolent resistance movement against British rule in India.

1900 – 1909 World History Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) Leo Baeck Inst./Archive Photos Henri Matisse (1869–1954) The Library of Congress Picture Collection W.E.B. Du Bois (1868–1963) The Library of Congress Picture Collection 1900 Hurricane ravages Galveston, Tex.; 6,000–8,000 dead. Fauvist movement in painting begins, led by Henri Matisse. Sigmund Freud'sThe Interpretation of Dreams. Carrie Chapman Cattsucceeds Susan B. Anthonyas president of National Woman Suffrage Association. 1901 Queen Victoriadies, and is succeeded by her son, Edward VII. As President McKinleybegins second term, he is shot fatallyby anarchist Leon Czolgosz. Theodore Rooseveltsworn in as successor. 1902 Enrico Caruso's first gramophone recording. Aswan Damcompleted. 1903 Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur, fly first powered, controlled, heavier-than-air plane at Kitty Hawk, N.C. Henry Fordorganizes Ford Motor Company. The Boston Red Sox win the first World Seriesagainst the Pittsburgh Pirates. W.E.B. Du BoispublishesThe Souls of Black Folk. 1904 Russo-Japanese War begins—competition for Korea and Manchuria.Entente Cordiale:Britain and France settle their international differences. General theory of radioactivity by Rutherford and Soddy. New York City subway opens. 1905 In Russo-Japanese War, Port Arthur surrenders to Japanese; Russia suffers other defeats. President Roosevelt mediates Treaty of Portsmouth, N.H., which recognizes Japan's control of Korea and restores southern Manchuria to China. The Russian Revolutionof 1905 begins on “Bloody Sunday” when troops fire onto a defenseless group of demonstrators in St. Petersburg. Strikes and riots follow. Sailors on battleshipPotemkinmutiny; reforms, including first Duma (parliament), established by Czar Nicholas II's “October Manifesto.” Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity and other key theories in physics. Franz Lehar'sMerry Widow. 1906 San Francisco earthquakeand three-day fire; more than 500 dead. Roald Amundsen, Norwegian explorer, fixes magnetic North Pole. 1907 Second Hague Peace Conference, of 46 nations, adopts 10 conventions on rules of war. Financial panic of 1907in U.S. Mahlerbegins work on “Song of the Earth.” Oklahoma becomes 46th state. Picasso'sLes Demoiselles d'Avignonintroduces cubism. 1908 Earthquake kills 150,000 in southern Italy and Sicily. U.S. Supreme Court, in Danbury Hatters' case, outlaws secondary union boycotts. Model T produced by Ford Motor Company. 1909 North Pole reportedly reached by American explorers Robert E. Pearyand Matthew Henson. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored Peopleis founded in New York by prominent black and white intellectuals and led by W.E.B. Du Bois.

1800–1899(A.D.)World History (part 3 of 3): 1865 Gen. Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox; the Civil War is over. Lincoln fatally shot at Ford's Theater by John Wilkes Booth. Vice President Johnson sworn as successor. Booth caught and dies of gunshot wounds; four conspirators are hanged. Joseph Listerbegins antiseptic surgery. Gregor Mendel'sLaw of Heredity. Lewis Carroll'sAlice's Adventures in Wonderland. 1866 Alfred Nobelinvents dynamite (patented in Britain,1867). Seven Weeks' War: Austria defeated by Prussia and Italy. 1867 Austria-Hungary Dual Monarchy established. French leave Mexico; Maximilian executed. Dominion of Canada established. U.S. buys Alaska from Russia for $7,200,000. South African diamond field discovered. Japan ends 675–year shogun rule. Volume I of Marx'sDas Kapital. Strauss'sBlue Danube. 1868 Revolution in Spain; Queen Isabella deposed, flees to France. In U.S., Fourteenth Amendmentgiving civil rights to blacks is ratified. Georgia under military government after legislature expels blacks. 1869 First U.S. transcontinental rail route completed. James Fiskand Jay Gould's attempt to control gold market causes Black Friday panic. Suez Canalopens. Mendeleev's periodic table of elements. 1870 Franco-Prussian War(to1871): Napoleon III capitulates at Sedan. Revolt in Paris; Third Republic proclaimed. 1871 France surrenders Alsace-Lorraine to Germany; war ends. German Empire proclaimed with Prussian King as Kaiser Wilhelm I. Fighting with Apaches begins in American West. Boss Tweedcorruption exposed in New York. The Chicago Fire, with 250 deaths and $196-million damage. Stanleymeets Livingstonein Africa. 1872 Congress gives amnesty to most Confederates. Jules Verne'sAround the World in 80 Days. 1873 Economic crisis in Europe. U.S. establishes gold standard. 1875 First Kentucky Derby. 1876 Sioux kill Gen. George A. Custerand 264 troopers at Little Big Horn River. Alexander Graham Bellpatents the telephone. 1877 After presidential election of1876,electoral commission gives disputed electoral college votes to Rutherford B. Hayes despite Tilden's popular majority. Russo-Turkish war(ends in1878with power of Turkey in Europe broken). Reconstructionends in the American South. Thomas Edisonpatents phonograph. The Nez Perce leader Chief Josephis forced to surrender. Tchaikovsky'sSwan Lake. 1878 Congress of Berlinrevises Treaty of San Stefano, ending Russo-Turkish War; makes extensive redivision of southeast Europe. First commercial telephone exchange opened in New Haven, Conn. 1879 Thomas A. Edison invents practical electric light. 1880 U.S.-China treaty allows U.S. to restrict immigration of Chinese labor. 1881 President Garfieldfatally shot by assassin; Vice President Arthur succeeds him. Charles J. Guiteau convicted and executed (1882). 1882 Terrorism in Ireland after land evictions. Britain invades and conquers Egypt. Germany, Austria, and Italy form Triple Alliance. In U.S., Congress adopts Chinese Exclusion Act. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Trust is first industrial monopoly. In Berlin, Robert Kochannounces discovery of tuberculosis germ. 1883 Congress creates Civil Service Commission. Brooklyn Bridge and Metropolitan OperaHouse completed. 1884 Berlin West Africa Conference held in Berlin (lasting untilFeb. 1885), at which the major European nations discuss expansion in Africa. 1885 British general Charles G. “Chinese” Gordonkilled at Khartoum in Egyptian Sudan. World's first skyscraper built in Chicago. 1886 Bombing at Haymarket Square, Chicago, kills seven policemen and injures many others. Eight alleged anarchists accused—three imprisoned, one commits suicide, four hanged. (In1893,Illinois governor Altgeld, critical of trial, pardons three survivors.) Statue of Libertydedicated. Geronimo, Apache Indian chief, surrenders. 1887 Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's first Sherlock Holmes story,A Study in Scarlet. 1888 Historic March blizzard in northeast U.S.—many perish, property damage exceeds $25 million. George Eastman's box camera (the Kodak). J. B. Dunlop invents pneumatic tire. Jack the Ripper murders in London. 1889 Second (Socialist) International founded in Paris. Indian Territory in Oklahoma opened to settlement. Thousands die in Johnstown, Pa. flood. Eiffel Tower built for the Paris exposition. Mark Twain'sA Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court. 1890 Congress votes to pass Sherman Antitrust Act. Sioux chief Sitting Bullarrested and killed by police on Pine Ridge reservation; two weeks later, U.S. troops kill over 200 Sioux at Battle of Wounded Knee. 1892 Battle between steel strikers and Pinkerton guards at Homestead, Pa.; union defeated after militia intervenes. Silver mine strikers in Idaho fight non-union workers; U.S. troops dispatched. Diesel enginepatented. 1893 New Zealand becomes first country in the world to grant women the vote.

1800–1899(A.D.)World History (part 2 of 3): 1836 Boerfarmers start “Great Trek”—Natal, Transvaal, and Orange Free State founded in South Africa. Mexican army besieges Texans in Alamo. Entire garrison, including Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie, wiped out. Texans gain independence from Mexico after winning Battle of San Jacinto. Dickens'sPickwick Papers. 1837 Victoriabecomes queen of Great Britain. Mob kills Elijah P. Lovejoy, Illinois abolitionist publisher. 1839 First Opium War(to1842) between Britain and China, over importation of drug into China. 1840 Lower and Upper Canada united. 1841 U.S. President Harrison dies (April 4) one month after inauguration; John Tyler becomes first vice president to succeed to presidency. 1842 Crawford Long uses first anesthetic (ether). 1843 Wagner's operaThe Flying Dutchman. 1844 Democratic convention calls for annexation of Texas and acquisition of Oregon (“Fifty-four-forty-or-fight”). Five Chinese ports opened to U.S. ships. Samuel F. B. Morsepatents telegraph. 1845 Congress adopts joint resolution for annexation of Texas. Edgar Allan PoepublishesThe Raven and Other Poems. 1846 U.S. declares war on Mexico. California and New Mexico annexed by U.S. Brigham Young leads Mormons to Great Salt Lake. W. T. Morton uses ether as anesthetic. Sewing machine patented by Elias Howe. Frederick Douglasslaunches abolitionist newspaperThe North Star.Failure of potato crop causes famine in Ireland. 1848 Revolt in Paris: Louis Philippe abdicates; Louis Napoleon elected president of French Republic. Revolutions in Vienna, Venice, Berlin, Milan, Rome, and Warsaw. Put down by royal troops in1848–1849.U.S.-Mexico War ends; Mexico cedes claims to Texas, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada. U.S. treaty with Britain sets Oregon Territory boundary at 49th parallel. Karl Marxand Friedrich Engels'sCommunist Manifesto.Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery and joins the Underground Railroad. Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, N.Y. 1849 California gold rush begins. 1850 Henry Clayopens great debate on slavery, warns South against secession. 1851 Herman Melville'sMoby-Dick. 1852 South African Republic established. Louis Napoleon proclaims himself Napoleon III (“Second Empire”). Harriet Beecher Stowe'sUncle Tom's Cabin. 1853 Crimean Warbegins as Turkey declares war on Russia. Commodore Perryreaches Tokyo. 1854 Britain and France join Turkey in war on Russia. In U.S., Kansas- Nebraska Actpermits local option on slavery; rioting and bloodshed. Japanese allow American trade. Antislavery men in Michigan form Republican Party. Tennyson'sCharge of the Light Brigade. Thoreau'sWalden. 1855 Armed clashes in Kansas between pro- and anti-slavery forces. Florence Nightingalenurses wounded in Crimea. Walt Whitman'sLeaves of Grass. 1856 Flaubert'sMadame Bovary. 1857 Supreme Court, in Dred Scottdecision, rules that a slave is not a citizen. Financial crisis in Europe and U.S. Great Mutiny ( Sepoy Rebellion) begins in India. India placed under crown rule as a result. 1858 Pro-slavery constitution rejected in Kansas. Abraham Lincolnmakes strong antislavery speech in Springfield, Ill.: “This Government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.” Lincoln-Douglas debates. First trans-Atlantic telegraph cable completed by Cyrus W. Field. 1859 John Brownraids Harpers Ferry; is captured and hanged. Work begins on Suez Canal. Unification of Italy starts under leadership of Count Cavour, Sardinian premier. Joined by France in war against Austria. Jean-Joseph-Étienne Lenoir builds first practical internal-combustion engine. Edward Fitzgerald's translation ofThe Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. Charles Darwin'sOrigin of Species. J. S. Mill'sOn Liberty. 1860 South Carolina secedes from the Union. 1861 U.S. Civil Warbegins as attempts at compromise fail. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas secede; with South Carolina, they form the Confederate States of America, with Jefferson Davis as president. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina secede and join Confederacy. First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas).(For detailed chronology, see The Civil War.) Congress creates Colorado, Dakota, and Nevada territories; adopts income tax; Lincoln inaugurated. Serfs emancipated in Russia. Pasteur's theory of germs. Independent Kingdom of Italy proclaimed under Sardinian king Victor Emmanuel II. 1862 Several major Civil War battles: Battle of Shiloh, Second Battle of Bull Run (Manassas), Battle of Antietam. Salon des Refusés introduces impressionism. 1863 French capture Mexico City; proclaim Archduke Maximilianof Austria emperor. Battle of Gettysburg. 1864 Gen. Sherman's Atlanta campaign and “march to the sea.”