1600–1699(A.D.)World History The Revolutionary War Pocahontas (c. 1595–1617) The Library of Congress Picture Collection Galileo (1564–1642) Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) Taj Mahal The Library of Congress Picture Collection John Milton (1608–1674) 1600 Giordano Bruno burned as a heretic. English East India Company established. 1603 Ieyasu rules Japan, moves capital to Edo (Tokyo). Shakespeare'sHamlet. 1605 Cervantes'sDon Quixote de la Mancha,the first modern novel. 1607 Jamestown, Virginia, established—first permanent English colony on American mainland. Pocahontas, daughter of Chief Powhatan, saves life of John Smith. 1609 Samuel de Champlain establishes French colony of Quebec. TheRelation,the first newspaper, debuts in Germany. 1610 Galileosees the moons of Jupiter through his telescope. 1611 Gustavus Adolphus elected King of Sweden. King James Version of the Bible published in England. Rubens paints hisDescent from the Cross. 1614 John Napier discovers logarithms. 1618 Start of the Thirty Years' War> Protestants revolt against Catholic oppression; Denmark, Sweden, and France will invade Germany in later phases of war. Kepler proposes last of three laws of planetary motion. 1619 A Dutch ship brings the first African slaves to British North America. 1620 Pilgrims, after three-month voyage inMayflower,land at Plymouth Rock. Francis Bacon'sNovum Organum. 1623 New Netherland founded by Dutch West India Company. 1630 Massachusetts Bay Colony. 1632 Maryland founded by Lord Baltimore. 1633 Inquisition forces Galileo (astronomer) to recant his belief in Copernican theory. 1642 English Civil War. Cavaliers, supporters of Charles I, against Roundheads, parliamentary forces. Oliver Cromwell defeats Royalists(1646).Parliament demands reforms. Charles I offers concessions, brought to trial(1648),beheaded(1649).Cromwell becomes Lord Protector(1653).Rembrandt paints hisNight Watch. 1643 Taj Mahal completed. 1644 End of Ming Dynasty in China—Manchus come to power. Descartes'sPrinciples of Philosophy. 1648 End of the Thirty Years' War. German population about half of what it was in1618because of war and pestilence. 1658 Cromwell dies; son Richard resigns and Puritan government collapses. 1660 English Parliament calls for the restoration of the monarchy; invites Charles II to return from France. 1661 Charles II is crowned King of England. Louis XIV begins personal rule as absolute monarch; starts to build Versailles. 1664 British take New Amsterdam from the Dutch. English limit “Nonconformity” with reestablished Anglican Church. Isaac Newton's experiments with gravity. 1665 Great Plague in London kills 75,000. 1666 Great Fire of London. Molière'sMisanthrope. 1667 Milton'sParadise Lost,widely considered the greatest epic poem in English. 1682 Pennsylvania founded by William Penn. 1683 War of European powers against the Turks (to1699). Vienna withstands three-month Turkish siege; high point of Turkish advance in Europe. 1684 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's calculus published. 1685 James II succeeds Charles II in England, calls for freedom of conscience(1687).Protestants fear restoration of Catholicism and demand “Glorious Revolution.” William of Orange invited to England and James II escapes to France(1688).William III and his wife, Mary, crowned. In France, Edict of Nantes of1598,granting freedom of worship to Huguenots, is revoked by Louis XIV; thousands of Protestants flee. 1689 Peter the Greatbecomes Czar of Russia—attempts to westernize nation and build Russia as a military power. Defeats Charles XII of Sweden at Poltava(1709).Beginning of the French and Indian Wars(to1763), campaigns in America linked to a series of wars between France and England for domination of Europe. 1690 William III of England defeats former king James II and Irish rebels at Battle of the Boyne in Ireland. John Locke'sHuman Understanding.

1500–1599(A.D.)World History Michelangelo's David (1504) Tasha Vincent Martin Luther (1483–1546) Henry VIII(1491–1547) Queen Elizabeth I (1533–1603) William Shakespeare (1564–1616) Rembrandt van Rijn (1606–1669) Catherine de Medici (1519–1589) 1501 First black slaves in America brought to Spanish colony of Santo Domingo. c. 1503 Leonardo da Vincipaints theMona Lisa.Michelangelo sculpts theDavid(1504). 1506 St. Peter's Church started in Rome; designed and decorated by such artists and architects as Bramante, Michelangelo, da Vinci, Raphael, and Bernini before its completion in1626. 1509 Henry VIIIascends English throne. Michelangelo paints the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. 1513 Balboa becomes the first European to encounter the Pacific Ocean. Machiavelli writesThe Prince. 1517 Turks conquer Egypt, control Arabia. Martin Lutherposts his 95 theses denouncing church abuses on church door in Wittenberg—start of the Reformationin Germany. 1519 Ulrich Zwingli begins Reformation in Switzerland. Hernando Cortes conquers Mexico for Spain. Charles I of Spain is chosen Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan sets out to circumnavigate the globe. 1520 Luther excommunicated by Pope Leo X. Suleiman I(“the Magnificent”) becomes Sultan of Turkey, invades Hungary(1521),Rhodes(1522),attacks Austria(1529),annexes Hungary(1541),Tripoli(1551),makes peace with Persia(1553),destroys Spanish fleet(1560),dies(1566).Magellan reaches the Pacific, is killed by Philippine natives(1521).One of his ships under Juan Sebastián del Cano continues around the world, reaches Spain(1522). 1524 Verrazano, sailing under the French flag, explores the New England coast and New York Bay. 1527 Troops of the Holy Roman Empire attack Rome, imprison Pope Clement VII—the end of the Italian Renaissance. Castiglione writesThe Courtier.The Medici family expelled from Florence. 1532 Pizarro marches from Panama to Peru, kills the Inca chieftain, Atahualpa, of Peru(1533).Machiavelli'sThe Princepublished posthumously. 1535 Reformation begins as Henry VIII makes himself head of English Church after being excommunicated by Pope. Sir Thomas Moreexecuted as traitor for refusal to acknowledge king's religious authority. Jacques Cartier sails up the St. Lawrence River, basis of French claims to Canada. 1536 Henry VIII executes second wife, Anne Boleyn. John Calvin establishes Reformed and Presbyterian form of Protestantism in Switzerland, writesInstitutes of the Christian Religion.Danish and Norwegian Reformations. Michelangelo'sLast Judgment. 1541 John Knox leads Reformation in Scotland, establishes Presbyterian church there(1560). 1543 Publication ofOn the Revolution of Heavenly Bodiesby Polish scholar Nicolaus Copernicus—giving his theory that the earth revolves around the sun. 1545 Council of Trent to meet intermittently until1563to define Catholic dogma and doctrine, reiterate papal authority. 1547 Ivan IV(“the Terrible”) crowned as czar of Russia, begins conquest of Astrakhan and Kazan(1552),battles nobles (boyars) for power(1564),kills his son(1580),dies, and is succeeded by his weak and feeble-minded son, Fyodor I. 1553 Roman Catholicism restored in England by Queen Mary I. 1556 Akbar the Great becomes Mogulemperor of India, conquers Afghanistan(1581),continues wars of conquest (until1605). 1558 Queen Elizabeth Iascends the throne (rules to1603). Restores Protestantism, establishes state Church of England (Anglicanism). Renaissance will reach height in England— Shakespeare, Marlowe, Spenser. 1561 Persecution of Huguenotsin France stopped by Edict of Orleans. French religious wars begin again with massacre of Huguenots at Vassy. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre—thousands of Huguenots murdered(1572).Amnesty granted(1573).Persecution continues periodically until Edict of Nantes(1598)gives Huguenots religious freedom (until1685). 1568 Protestant Netherlands revolts against Catholic Spain; independence will be acknowledged by Spain in1648. 1570 Japan permits visits of foreign ships. Queen Elizabeth I excommunicated by Pope. Turks attack Cyprus and war on Venice. Turkish fleet defeated at Battle of Lepanto by Spanish and Italian fleets(1571).Peace of Constantinople(1572)ends Turkish attacks on Europe. 1580 Francis Drake returns to England after circumnavigating the globe; knighted by Queen Elizabeth I(1581).Montaigne'sEssayspublished. 1582 Pope Gregory XIII implements the Gregorian calendar. 1583 William of Orange rules the Netherlands; assassinated on orders of Philip II of Spain(1584). 1587 Mary, Queen of Scots, executed for treason by order of Queen Elizabeth I. Monteverdi'sFirst Book of Madrigals. 1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada by English. Henry, King of Navarre and Protestant leader, recognized as Henry IV, first Bourbon king of France. Converts to Roman Catholicism in1593in attempt to end religious wars.

1400–1499(A.D.)World History The Duomo in Florence Linda J. Barnes Joan of Arc (1412–1431) 1407 Casa di San Giorgio, one of the first public banks, founded in Genoa. 1415 Henry V defeats French at Agincourt. Jan Hus, Bohemian preacher and follower of Wycliffe, burned at stake in Constance as heretic. 1418–1460 Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigatorsponsors exploration of Africa's coast. 1420 Brunelleschi begins work on the Duomo in Florence. 1428 Joan of Arcleads French against English, captured by Burgundians(1430)and turned over to the English, burned at the stake as a witch after ecclesiastical trial(1431). 1438 Incasrule in Peru. 1450 Florence becomes center of Renaissance arts and learning under the Medicis. 1453 Turks conquer Constantinople, end of the Byzantine empire, beginning of the Ottoman empire. 1455 The Wars of the Roses, civil wars between rival noble factions, begin in England (to1485). Having invented printing with movable type at Mainz, Germany, Johann Gutenberg completes first Bible. 1462 Ivan the Great rules Russia until1505as first czar; ends payment of tribute to Mongols. 1492 Moors conquered in Spain by troops of Ferdinand and Isabella. Columbusbecomes first European to encounter Caribbean islands, returns to Spain(1493).Second voyage to Dominica, Jamaica, Puerto Rico(1493–1496).Third voyage to Orinoco(1498).Fourth voyage to Honduras and Panama(1502–1504). 1497 Vasco da Gama sails around Africa and discovers sea route to India(1498).Establishes Portuguese colony in India(1502).John Cabot, employed by England, reaches and explores Canadian coast. Michelangelo'sBacchussculpture.

1000–1099(A.D.)World History Mesa VerdeCliff Dwellings(c. 1000–1300) Pete Maio Cathedral and Tower at Pisa Tasha Vincent c. 1000–1300 Classic Puebloperiod of Anasazi culture; cliff dwellings. c. 1000 Hungary and Scandinavia converted to Christianity. Viking raider Leif Eriksson discovers North America, calls it Vinland.Beowulf,Old English epic. c. 1008 Murasaki Shikibu finishesThe Tale of Genji,the world's first novel. 1009 Muslims destroy Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. 1013 Danes control England. Canutetakes throne(1016),conquers Norway(1028),dies(1035);kingdom divided among his sons: Harold Harefoot (England), Sweyn (Norway), Hardecanute (Denmark). 1040 Macbeth murders Duncan, king of Scotland. 1053 Robert Guiscard, Norman invader, establishes kingdom in Italy, conquers Sicily(1072). 1054 Final separation between Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Roman) churches. 1055 Seljuk Turks, Asian nomads, move west, capture Baghdad, Armenia(1064),Syria, and Palestine(1075). 1066 William of Normandy invades England, defeats last Saxon king, Harold II, at Battle of Hastings, crowned William Iof England (“the Conqueror”). 1068 Construction on the cathedral in Pisa, Italy, begins. 1073 Emergence of strong papacy when Gregory VII is elected. Conflict with English and French kings and German emperors will continue throughout medieval period. 1095 At Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II calls for a holy war to wrest control of Jerusalem from Muslims, which launches the First Crusade (1096), one of at least 8 European military campaigns between 1095 and 1291 to regain the Holy Land. (For detailed chronology, see The Crusades.)

1100–1199(A.D.)World History Chartres Cathedral Tasha Vincent 1100–1300 Construction of Cathedral at Chartres, France. 1144 Second Crusade begins. c. 1150 Angkor Watis completed. 1150–1167 Universities of Paris and Oxford founded in France and England. 1162 Thomas á Becketnamed Archbishop of Canterbury, murdered by Henry II's men(1170).Troubadours (wandering minstrels) glorify romantic concepts of feudalism. 1169 Ibn-Rushd begins translating Aristotle's works. 1189 Richard I (“the Lionhearted”) succeeds Henry II in England, killed in France(1199),succeeded by King John. Third Crusade.