1200–1299(A.D.)World History The Crusades King John (1167–1216) Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) 1200–1204 Fourth Crusade. 1211 Genghis Khan invades China, captures Peking(1214),conquers Persia(1218),invades Russia(1223),dies(1227). 1212 Children's Crusade. 1215 King John forced by barons to sign Magna Cartaat Runneymede, limiting royal power. 1217 Fifth Crusade. 1228 Sixth Crusade. 1231 The Inquisitionbegins as Pope Gregory IX assigns Dominicans responsibility for combating heresy. Torture used(1252).Ferdinand and Isabella establish Spanish Inquisition(1478).Tourquemada, Grand Inquisitor, forces conversion or expulsion of Spanish Jews(1492).Forced conversion of Moors(1499).Inquisition in Portugal(1531).First Protestants burned at the stake in Spain(1543).Spanish Inquisition abolished(1834). 1241 Mongols defeat Germans in Silesia, invade Poland and Hungary, withdraw from Europe after Ughetai, Mongol leader, dies. 1248 Seventh Crusade. 1251 Kublai Khan governs China, becomes ruler of Mongols(1259),establishes Yuan dynasty in China(1280),invades Burma(1287),dies(1294). 1260 Chartres cathedral consecrated. 1270 Eighth Crusade. 1271 Marco Poloof Venice travels to China, in court of Kublai Khan(1275–1292),returns to Genoa(1295)and writesTravels. 1273 Thomas Aquinasstops work onSumma Theologica,the basis of all Catholic theological teaching; never completes it. 1295 English King Edward I summons the Model Parliament.

1300–1399(A.D.)World History 1312–1337 Mali Empire reaches its height in Africa under King Mansa Musa. c. 1325 The beginning of the Renaissancein Italy: writers Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio; painter Giotto. Development ofNohdrama in Japan. Aztecsestablish Tenochtitlán on site of modern Mexico City. Peak of Muslim culture in Spain. Small cannon in use. 1337–1453 Hundred Years' War—English and French kings fight for control of France. 1347–1351 At least 25 million people die in Europe's “Black Death” (bubonic plague). 1368 MingDynasty begins in China. 1376–1382 John Wycliffe, pre-Reformation religious reformer, and followers translate Latin Bible into English. 1378 The Great Schism (to1417)—rival popes in Rome and Avignon, France, fight for control of Roman Catholic Church. c. 1387 Chaucer'sCanterbury Tales. 1398 Tamerlane, the Mongol conqueror, begins last great conquest—Delhi.

World history (801-999): 800–849 Charlemagne crowned first Holy Roman Emperor in Rome(800).Charlemagne dies(814),succeeded by his son, Louis the Pious, who divides France among his sons(817).Arabs conquer Crete, Sicily, and Sardinia(826–827). 850–899 Norsemen attack as far south as the Mediterranean but are thwarted(859),discover Iceland(861).Alfred the Great becomes king of Britain(871),defeats Danish invaders(878).Russian nation founded by Vikings under Prince Rurik, establishing capital at Novgorod(855–879). 900–949 Beginning of Mayan Post-Classical period (900–1519). Vikings discover Greenland(c. 900).Arab Spain under Abd ar-Rahman III becomes center of learning(912–961).Otto I becomes King of Germany (936). 950–999 Mieczyslaw I becomes first ruler of Poland(960).Eric the Red establishes first Viking colony in Greenland(982).Hugh Capet elected King of France in987;Capetian dynasty to rule until1328.Musical notation systematized(c. 990).Vikings and Danes attack Britain(988–999).Otto I crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope John XII(962).

World History 1–800(A.D.)World History Roman AqueductMontpellier, France Tina Diodati Christ Celtic Cross Renée Scott Mayan Pyramid at Chichén Itzá Renée Scott Japanese Pagoda Erik Hjortshoj Viking Ship (c. 900) 1–49 Birth of Jesus Christ (variously given from4B.C.toA.D.7).After Augustus, Tiberius becomes emperor (dies,A.D.37), succeeded by Caligula (assassinated,A.D.41), who is followed by Claudius. Crucifixion of Jesus (probablyA.D.30). Han dynasty in China founded by Emperor Kuang Wu Ti. Buddhism introduced to China. 50–99 Claudius poisoned(A.D.54),succeeded by Nero (commits suicide,A.D.68). Missionary journeys of Paul the Apostle(A.D.34–60).Jews revolt against Rome; Jerusalem destroyed(A.D.70).Roman persecutions of Christians begin(A.D.64).Colosseum built in Rome(A.D.71–80).Trajan (rulesA.D.98–116); Roman empire extends to Mesopotamia, Arabia, Balkans. First Gospels of St. Mark, St. John, St. Matthew. 100–149 Hadrian rules Rome(A.D.117–138);codifies Roman law, rebuilds Pantheon, establishes postal system, builds wall between England and Scotland. Jews revolt under Bar Kokhba(A.D.122–135);final Diaspora (dispersion) of Jews begins. 150–199 Marcus Aurelius rules Rome(A.D.161–180). Oldest Mayan temples in Central America(c.A.D.200). 200–249 Goths invade Asia Minor(c.A.D.220).Roman persecutions of Christians increase. Persian (Sassanid) empire re-established. End of Chinese Han dynasty. 250–299 Increasing invasions of the Roman empire by Franks and Goths. Buddhism spreads in China. Classic period of Mayan civilization (A.D.250–900); develop hieroglyphic writing, advances in art, architecture, science. 300–349 Constantine the Great (rulesA.D.312–337) reunites eastern and western Roman empires, with new capital (Constantinople) on site of Byzantium(A.D.330);issues Edict of Milan legalizing Christianity(A.D.313);becomes a Christian on his deathbed(A.D.337).Council of Nicaea(A.D.325)defines orthodox Christian doctrine. First Gupta dynasty in India(c.A.D.320). 350–399 Huns (Mongols) invade Europe(c.A.D.360).Theodosius the Great (rulesA.D.392–395)—last emperor of a united Roman empire. Roman empire permanently divided inA.D.395:western empire ruled from Rome; eastern empire ruled from Constantinople. 400–449 Western Roman empire disintegrates under weak emperors. Alaric, king of the Visigoths, sacks Rome(A.D.410).Attila, Hun chieftain, attacks Roman provinces(A.D.433).St. Patrick returns to Ireland(A.D.432) and brings Christianity to the island.St. Augustine'sCity of God(A.D.411). 450–499 Vandals destroy Rome(A.D.455).Western Roman empire ends as Odoacer, German chieftain, overthrows last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus, and becomes king of Italy(A.D.476).Ostrogothic kingdom of Italy established by Theodoric the Great(A.D.493).Clovis, ruler of the Franks, is converted to Christianity(A.D.496).First schism between western and eastern churches(A.D.484). 500–549 Eastern and western churches reconciled(519).Justinian I, the Great(483–565),becomes Byzantine emperor(527),issues his first code of civil laws(529),conquers North Africa, Italy, and part of Spain. Plague spreads through Europe (542et seq.). Arthur, semi-legendary king of the Britons (killed,c. 537). Boëthius, Roman scholar (executed,524). 550–599 Beginnings of European silk industry after Justinian's missionaries smuggle silkworms out of China(553).Mohammed, founder of Islam(570–632).Buddhism in Japan(c. 560).St. Augustine of Canterbury brings Christianity to Britain(597).After killing about half the population, plague in Europe subsides(594). 600–649 Mohammed flees from Mecca to Medina (theHegira); first year of the Muslim calendar(622).Muslim empire grows(634).Arabs conquer Jerusalem(637),conquer Persians(641). 650–699 Arabs attack North Africa(670),destroy Carthage(697).Venerable Bede, English monk(672–735). 700–749 Arab empire extends from Lisbon to China (by716). Charles Martel, Frankish leader, defeats Arabs at Tours/Poitiers, halting Arab advance in Europe(732).Charlemagne(742–814).Introduction of pagodas in Japan from China. 750–799 Charlemagne becomes king of the Franks(771).Caliph Harun al-Rashid rules Arab empire(786–809):the “golden age” of Arab culture. Vikings begin attacks on Britain(790),land in Ireland(795).City of Machu Picchu flourishes in Peru.

Ancient History (part 2 of 2): Before Christ(B.C.)or Before the Common Era(B.C.E.) 700–600B.C. End of Assyrian Empire(616B.C.)—Nineveh destroyed by Chaldeans (Neo-Babylonians) and Medes(612B.C.).Founding of Byzantium by Greeks(c. 660B.C.).Building of the Acropolis in Athens. Solon, Greek lawgiver(640–560B.C.).Sappho of Lesbos, Greek poet(fl. c. 610–580B.C.). Lao-tse, Chinese philosopher and founder of Taoism (bornc. 604B.C.). 600–500B.C. Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar builds empire, destroys Jerusalem(586B.C.).Babylonian Captivity of the Jews (starting587B.C.).Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Cyrus the Great of Persia creates great empire, conquers Babylon(539B.C.),frees the Jews. Athenian democracy develops. Aeschylus, Greek dramatist(525–465B.C.).Pythagoras, Greek philosopher and mathematician(582?–507?B.C.). Confucius(551–479B.C.)develops ethical and social philosophy in China. TheAnalectsor Lun-yü (“collected sayings”) are compiled by the second generation of Confucian disciples. Buddha(563?–483?B.C.)founds Buddhism in India. 500–400B.C. Greeks defeat Persians: battles of Marathon(490B.C.),Thermopylae(480B.C.),Salamis(480B.C.).Peloponnesian Wars between Athens and Sparta(431–404B.C.)—Sparta victorious. Pericles comes to power in Athens(462B.C.).Flowering of Greek culture during the Age of Pericles(450–400B.C.).The Parthenon is built in Athens as a temple of the goddess Athena (447–432B.C.). Ictinus and Callicrates are the architects and Phidias is responsible for the sculpture. Sophocles, Greek dramatist(496?–406B.C.).Hippocrates, Greek “Father of Medicine” (born460B.C.).Xerxes I, king of Persia (rules485–465B.C.). 400–300B.C. Pentateuch—first five books of the Old Testament evolve in final form. Philip of Macedon, who believed himself to be a descendant of the Greek people, assassinated(336B.C.)after subduing the Greek city-states; succeeded by son, Alexander the Great(356–323B.C.), who destroys Thebes(335B.C.),conquers Tyre and Jerusalem(332B.C.),occupies Babylon(330B.C.),invades India, and dies in Babylon. His empire is divided among his generals; one of them, Seleucis I, establishes Middle East empire with capitals at Antioch (Syria) and Seleucia (in Iraq). Trial and execution of Greek philosopher Socrates(399B.C.).Dialogues recorded by his student, Plato(c. 427–348 or 347B.C.).Euclid's work on geometry(323B.C.). Aristotle, Greek philosopher(384–322B.C.).Demosthenes, Greek orator(384–322B.C.).Praxiteles, Greek sculptor(400–330B.C.). 300–251B.C. First Punic War(264–241B.C.):Rome defeats the Carthaginians and begins its domination of the Mediterranean. Temple of the Sun at Teotihuacán, Mexico(c. 300B.C.).Invention of Mayan calendar in Yucatán—more exact than older calendars. First Roman gladiatorial games(264B.C.).Archimedes, Greek mathematician(287–212B.C.). 250–201B.C. Second Punic War(219–201B.C.):Hannibal, Carthaginian general(246–142B.C.),crosses the Alps(218B.C.),reaches gates of Rome(211B.C.),retreats, and is defeated by Scipio Africanus at Zama(202B.C.).Great Wall of China built(c. 215B.C.). 200–151B.C. Romans defeat Seleucid King Antiochus III at Thermopylae(191B.C.)—beginning of Roman world domination. Maccabean revolt against Seleucids(167B.C.). 150–101B.C. Third Punic War(149–146B.C.):Rome destroys Carthage, killing 450,000 and enslaving the remaining 50,000 inhabitants. Roman armies conquer Macedonia, Greece, Anatolia, Balearic Islands, and southern France. Venus de Milo(c. 140B.C.).Cicero, Roman orator(106–43B.C.). 100–51B.C. Julius Caesar(100–44B.C.)invades Britain(55B.C.)and conquers Gaul (France)(c. 50B.C.).Spartacus leads slave revolt against Rome(71B.C.).Romans conquer Seleucid empire. Roman general Pompey conquers Jerusalem(63B.C.).Cleopatra on Egyptian throne(51–31B.C.).Chinese develop use of paper(c. 100B.C.).Virgil, Roman poet(70–19B.C.).Horace, Roman poet(65–8B.C.). 50–1B.C. Caesar crosses Rubicon to fight Pompey(50B.C.).Herod made Roman governor of Judea(37B.C.).Caesar murdered(44B.C.).Caesar's nephew, Octavian, defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra at Battle of Actium(31B.C.),and establishes Roman empire as Emperor Augustus; rules27B.C.–A.D.14.Pantheon built for the first time under Agrippa, 27B.C.Ovid, Roman poet(43B.C.–A.D.18).