Roman Republic and Roman Empire: Rulers Roman Republic *. Cato the Elder,statesman (234–149B.C.) *. Gracchi, (Tiberius Sempronius Graccus [d. 133B.C.] and Caius Sempronius Gracchus [d. 121B.C.], statesmen and social reformers *. Caius Marius, general and consul (157–86B.C.) *. Lucius Cornelius Sulla, general and consul (138–78B.C.) *. Pompey, general and member of First Triumvirate with Julius Caesar and Crassus (106–48B.C.) *. Marcus Licinius Crassus, member of First Triumvirate with Caesar and Pompey (d. 53B.C.) *. Cato the Younger, statesman (95–46B.C.) *. Julius Caesar, general and statesman (100?–44B.C.) *. Marc Antony, politician and soldier, member of Second Triumvirate with Lepidus and Octavian (Augustus) (83–30B.C.) *. Lepidus, member of Second Triumvirate with Marc Antony and Octavian (d. 13B.C.) Roman Empire *. Augustus, (Octavian) first emperor, grandnephew of Julius Caesar, (27B.C.–A.D.14) *. Tiberius, stepson of Augustus, (14–37) *. Caligula, grandnephew of Tiberius (37–41) *. Claudius, uncle of Caligula (41–54) *. Nero, stepson of Claudius (54–68) *. Galba, proclaimed emperor by his soldiers (68–69) *. Otho, military commander (69) *. Vitellius, military commander (69) *. Vespasian, military commander (69–79) *. Titus, son of Vespasian (79–81) *. Domitian, son of Vespasian (81–96) *. Nerva, elected interim ruler (96-98) *. Trajan, adopted son of Nerva (98–117) *. Hadrian, ward of Trajan (117–138) *. Antoninus Pius, adopted by Hadrian (138–161) *. Marcus Aurelius, adopted by Antoninus Pius (161–180) *.Lucius Verus, adopted by Antoninus Pius; ruled jointly with Marcus Aurelius (161–169) *. Commodus, son of Marcus Aurelius (180–192) *. Pertinax, proclaimed emperor by the Praetorian Guard (193) *. Didius Julianus, bought office from the Praetorian Guard (193) *. Severus, proclaimed emperor (193–211) *. Caracalla, son of Severus (211–217) *.Geta, son of Severus, ruled jointly with Caracalla (211–212) *. Macrinus, proclaimed emperor by his soldiers (217–18) *. Heliogabalus, cousin of Caracalla (218–222) *. Alexander Severus, cousin of Heliogabalus (222–235) *. Maximin, proclaimed emperor by soldiers, (235–238) *. Gordian I, made emperor by the senate (238) *. Gordian II, son of Gordian I, ruled jointly with his father (238) *.Balbinus, elected joint emperor by the senate (238) *.Pupienus Maximus, elected joint emperor with Balbinus by the senate (238) *. Gordian III, son of Gordian II (238–244) *. Philip (the Arabian), assassin of Gordian III (244–249) *. Decius, proclaimed emperor by the soldiers (249–2251) *.Hostilianus, son of Decius, colleague of Gallus (251) *. Gallus, military commander (251–253) *.Aemilianus, military commander (253) *. Valerian, military commander (253–260) *. Gallienus, son of Valerian, coemperor with his father and later sole emperor (253–268) *. Claudius II, military commander (268–270) *. Aurelian, chosen by Claudius II as successor (270–275) *. Tacitus, chosen by the senate (275–276) *.Florianus, half brother of Tacitus (276) *. Probus, military commander (276–282) *. Carus, proclaimed by the Praetorian Guard (282–283) *. Carinus, son of Carus (283–285) *.Numerianus, son of Carus, joint emperor with Carinus (283–284) *. Diocletian, military commander, divided the empire; ruled jointly with Maximian and Constantius I 284–305) *. Maximian, appointed joint emperor by Diocletian (286–305) *. Constantius I, joint emperor and successor of Diocletian (305–306) *. Galerius, joint emperor with Constantius I (305–310) *. Maximin, nephew of Galerius (308–313) *. Licinius, appointed emperor in the West by Galerius; later emperor in the East (308–324) *. Maxentius, son of Maximian (306–312) *. Constantine I (the Great), son of Constantius I (306–337) *. Constantine II, son of Constantine I (337–340) *. Constans, son of Constantine I (337–350) *. Constantius II, son of Constantine I (337–361) *.Magnentius, usurped Constans' throne, (350–353) *. Julian (the Apostate), nephew of Constantine I (361–363) *. Jovian, elected by the army (363–364) *. Valentinian I, proclaimed by the army; ruled in the West (364–375) *. Valens, brother of Valentinian I; ruled in the East (364–378) *. Gratian, son of Valentinian I; coruler in the West with Valentinian II (375–383) *. Maximus, usurper in the West (383–388) *. Valentinian II, son of Valentinian I, ruler of the West (375–392) *.Eugenius, usurper in the West (393–394) *. Theodosius I (the Great), appointed ruler of the East (379–395) by Gratian; last ruler of united empire (394–395) Emperors in the East *. Arcadius, son of Theodosius I (395–408) *. Theodosius II, son of Arcadius, (408–450) *. Marcian, brother-in-law of Theodosius II (450–457) *. Leo I, chosen by the senate (457–474) *.Leo II, grandson of Leo I (474) *. Zeno(474–475) *. Basilicus(475–476) Emperors in the West *. Honorius, son of Theodosius (395–423) *.Maximus, usurper in Spain (409–411) *. Constantius III, named joint emperor by Honorius (421)