Modern Egypt: Rulers *. Baybars I, Mamluk sultan (1260–77) of Egypt and Syria *. Muhammad Ali, pasha of Egypt after 1805 *. Ismail Pasha, ruler of Egypt (1863–79) *. Tewfik Pasha (Muhammad Tewfik), khedive of Egypt (1879–92) *. Abbas II, last khedive of Egypt (1892–1914) *. Fuad I (Ahmed Fuad Pasha), first king of modern Egypt (1922–36) *. Farouk, king of Egypt (1936–52) *. Gamal Abdal Nasser, Egyptian army officer and political leader, first president of the republic of Egypt (1956–70) *. Anwar al-Sadat, Egyptian political leader and president (1970–81) *. Muhammad Hosni Mubarak, president of Egypt (1981–)