Biography South America: Peru *.Eduardo López de Romaña, president of Peru (1899–03) *.Manuel Candamo, president of Peru (1903–04) *.Serapio Calderón, acting president of Peru (1904) *.José Pardo y Barreda, president of Peru (1904–08) *. Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo, president of Peru (1908–12; 1919–30) *.Guillermo E. Billinghurst, president of Peru (1912–14) *.Óscar Raymundo Benavides Larrea, president of Peru (1914–15) *.José Pardo y Barreda, president of Peru (1915–19) *.Manuel María Ponce Brousset, Peruvian chairman military junta (1930) *.Luis M. Sánchez Cerro, president of Preu (1930–31) *.Mariano Holguín Maldonado, Peruvian chairman Transitional Junta (1931) *.Ricardo Leoncio Elías Arias, Peruvian chairman Transitional Junta (1931) *.Gustavo A. Jiménez, Peruvian chairman Transitional Junta (1931) *.David Samanez Ocampo y Sobrino, Peruvian chairman National Junta (1931) *.Luis M. Sánchez Cerro, president of Peru (1931–33) *.Óscar Raymundo Benavides Larrea, president of Peru (1933–39) *.Manuel Prado y Ugarteche, president of Peru (1939–45, 1956–62) *.José Luis Bustamante y Rivero, president of Peru (1945–48) *. Manuel Apolinario Odría Amoretti, president of Peru (1948–50; 1950–56) *.Zenón Noriega Agüero, Peruvian chairman military junta (1950) *.Ricardo Pío Pérez Godoy, Peruvian junta chairman (1962–63) *.Nicolás Lindley López, Peruvian junta chairman (1963) *. Fernando Belaúnde Terry, president of Peru (1963–68, 1980–85) *. Juan Velasco Alvarado, president of Peru (1968–75) *.Francisco Morales Bermúdez, president of Peru (1975–80) *.Alan García Pérez , president of Peru (1985–90) *. Alberto Fujimori, president of Peru (1990–2000) *.Valentín Paniagua, president of Peru (2000–2001) *. Alejandro Toledo, president of Peru (2001– Uruguay *.Juan Lindolfo Cuestas, president of Uruguay (1897–99, 1899–1903) *. José Batlle y Ordóñez, president of Uruguay (1903–07, 1911–15) *.Claudio Wílliman, president of Uruguay (1907–11) *.Feliciano Viera, president of Uruguay (1915–19) *.Baltasar Brum, president of Uruguay (1919–23) *.José Serrato, president of Uruguay (1923–27) *.Juan Campisteguy, president of Uruguay (1927–31) *. Gabriel Terra, president of Uruguay (1931–38) *.Alfredo Baldomir, president of Uruguay (1938–43) *.Juan José de Amézaga, president of Uruguay (1943–47) *.Tomás Berreta, president of Uruguay (1947) *.Luis Batlle Berres, president of Uruguay (1947–51) *.Andrés Martínez Trueba, president of Uruguay (1951–52) *.Andrés Martínez Trueba, president of the National Council (1952–55) *.Luis Batlle Berres, president of the National Council (1955–56) *.Alberto Fermín Zubiría, president of the National Council (1957–57) *.Arturo Lezama, president of the National Council (1957–58) *.Carlos L. Fischer, president of the National Council (1958–59) *.Martín R. Echegoyen, president of the National Council (1959–60) *.Benito Nardone, president of the National Council (1960–61) *.Eduardo Víctor Haedo, president of the National Council (1961–62) *.Faustino Harrison, president of the National Council (1962–63) *.Daniel Fernández Crespo, president of the National Council (1963–64) *.Luis Giannattasio, president of the National Council (1964–65) *.Wáshington Beltrán, president of the National Council (1965–66) *.Alberto Héber Usher, president of the National Council (1966–67) *.Óscar Diego Gestido, president of Uruguay (1967) *.Jorge Pacheco Areco, president of Uruguay (1967–72) *.Juan María Bordaberry Arocena, president of Uruguay (1972–76) *.Alberto Demicheli, acting president of Uruguay (1976) *.Aparicio Méndez, president of Uruguay (1976–81) *.Gregorio Conrado Álvarez Armelino, president of Uruguay (1981–85) *.Rafael Addiego Bruno, acting president of Uruguay (1985) *.Julio María Sanguinetti Cairolo, president of Uruguay (1985–90) *.Luis Alberto Lacalle, president of Uruguay (1990–95) *.Julio María Sanguinetti Cairolo, president of Uruguay (1995–2000) *.Jorge Batlle, president of Uruguay (2000–)

Biography South America: Brazil *. Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil, Bragança dynasty (1822–31) *. Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil, Bragança dynasty (1831–89) *. Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca, president of Brazil (1889–91) *. Floriano Peixoto, acting president of Brazil (1891–94) *.Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales, president of Brazil (1898–1902) *.Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves, president of Brazil (1902–06) *.Afonso Augusto Moreira Pena, president of Brazil (1906–09) *.Nilo Peçanha, president of Brazil (1909–10) *.Venceslau Brás Pereira Gomes, president of Brazil (1914–18) *.Delfim Moreira, acting president of Brazil (1918–19) *.Epitâcio da Silva Pessoa, president of Brazil (1919–22) *.Artur da Silva Bernardes, president of Brazil (1922–26) *.Washington Luís Pereira de Sousa, president of Brazil (1926–30) *.Augusto Tasso Fragoso, chairman Government Junta (1930) *. Getúlio Vargas, pesident of Brazil (1930–45, 1951–54) *.José Linhares, president of Brazil (1945–46) *.Eurico Gaspar Dutra, president of Brazil (1946–51) *.João Café Filho, president of Brazil (1954–56) *.Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, president of Brazil (1956–61) *. Jânio da Silva Quadros, president of Brazil (1961) *. João Belchior Marques Goulart, president of Brazil (1961–64) *. Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco, president of Brazil (1964–67) *. Artur da Costa e Silva, president of Brazil (1967–69) *.Military junta: Augusto Hamann Rademaker Grünewald, Aurélio de Lyra Tavares, Márcio de Souza e Mello (1969) *. Emílio Garrastazú Médici, president of Brazil (1969–74) *.Ernesto Geisel, president of Brazil (1974–79) *. João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo, president of Brazil (1979–85) *. José Sarney, president of Brazil (1985–90) *. Fernando Collor de Mello, president of Brazil (1990–92) *.Itamar Franco, acting for Collor (1992–95) *. Fernando Henrique Cardoso, president of Brazil (1995–) Chile *. Bernardo O'Higgins, supreme director of Chile (1818–23) *. Manuel Bulnes, president of Chile (1841–51) *. Manuel Montt, president of Chile (1851–61) *. Domingo Santa María, president of Chile (1881–86) *. José Manuel Balmaceda, president of Chile (1886–91) *. Jorge Montt, president of Chile (1891–96) *.Federico Errázuriz Echaurren, president of Chile (1896–01) *.Aníbal Zañartu Zañartu, acting president of Chile (1901) *.Germán Riesco, president of Chile (1901–06) *. Pedro Montt, president of Chile (1906–10) *.Elías Fernández Albano, acting president of Chile (1910) *.Emiliano Figueroa Larraín, president of Chile (1910) *.Ramón Barros Luco, president of Chile (1910–15) *.Juan Luis Sanfuentes, president of Chile (1915–20) *.Arturo Alessandri Palma, president of Chile (1920–24) *.Luis Altamirano Talavera, Chilean junta chairman (1924–25) *.Pedro Pablo Dartnell Encina, Chilean junta chairman (1925) *.Arturo Alessandri Palma, president of Chile (1925) *.Luis Barros Borgoño, acting, president of Chile (1925) *.Emiliano Figueroa Larraín, president of Chile (1925–27) *. Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, president of Chile (1927–31, 1952–58) *.Juan Esteban Montero Rodríguez, president of Chile (1931–32) *.Arturo Puga Osorio, chairman Junta of the Socialist Republic of Chile (1932) *.Carlos Gregorio Dávila Espinosa, chairman Junta of the Socialist Republic of Chile, provisional president of the Socialist Republic of Chile (1932) *.Bartolomé Blanche Espejo, provisional president of Chile (1932) *.Abraham Oyanedel Urrutia, acting president of Chile (1932) *.Arturo Alessandri Palma, president of Chile (1932–38) *.Pedro Aguirre Cerda, president of Chile (1938–41) *.Jerónimo Méndez Arancibia, acting president of Chile (1941–42) *.Juan Antonio Ríos Morales, president of Chile (1942–46) *.Alfredo Duhalde Vásquez, acting president of Chile (1946) *.Vicente Merino Bielich, acting president of Chile (1946) *.Juan Antonio Iribarren Cabezas, acting president of Chile (1946) *.Gabriel González Videla, president of Chile (1946–52) *.Jorge Alessandri Rodríguez, president of Chile (1958–64) *. Eduardo Frei Montalva, president of Chile (1964–70) *. Salvador Allende, president of Chile (1970–73) *. Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, Junta leader (1973–74), president of Chile (1974–90) *. José Toribio Merino Castro, Junta leader (1973–74) *. César Mendoza Durán, Junta leader (1973–74) *. Gustavo Leigh Guzmán, Junta leader (1973–74) *. Patricio Aylwin Azócar, president of Chile (1990–94) *.Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, president of Chile (1994–2000) *.Ricardo Lagos Escobar, president of Chile (2000–)

Biography South America: Argentina *. Juan Facundo Quiroga, Argentine caudillo(1790–1835) *. Juan Martín de Pueyrredón,Argentine general, supreme director of the United Provinces of La Plata (1816–19) *. Bernardino Rivadavia, Argentine statesman and diplomat, first president of the United Provinces of La Plata (1826–27) *. Juan Manuel de Rosas, Argentine dictator, governor of Buenos Aires province (1829–32, 1835–52) *. Justo José de Urquiza, Argentine general and politician, president of the confederation (1854–60) *. Bartolomé MitreArgentine statesman, general, and author, president of the republic (1862–68) *. Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, Argentine statesman, educator, and author, president of the republic (1868–74) *. Nicolás Avellaneda, Argentine statesman, president of the republic (1874–80) *. Julio Argentino Roca, general, president of Argentina (1880–86, 1898–1904) *. Miguel Juárez Celman, president of Argentina (1886–90) *.Manuel A. Quintana, president of Argentina (1904–06) *.José Figueroa Alcorta, president of Argentina (1906–10) *. Roque Sáenz Peña, Argentine statesman, president of the republic (1910–14) *.Victorino de la Plaza, president of Argentina (1914–16) *. Hipólito Irigoyen, Argentine political leader, president of the republic (1916–22, 1928–30) *. Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear, Argentine statesman and diplomat, president of the republic (1922–28) *.José Félix Uriburu, president of Argentina (1930–32) *. Agustín Pedro Justo, president of Argentina (1932–38) *.Roberto M. Ortiz, president of Argentina (1938–42) *.Ramón S. Castillo, president of Argentina (1940–43) *.Arturo Rawson Corvalán, president of the Provisional Government (1943) *.Pedro Pablo Ramírez Machuca, president of the Provisional Government (1943–44) *.Edelmiro J. Farrell, president of Argentina (1944–46) *. Juan Domingo Perón,president of Argentina (1946–55, 1973–74) *.José Domingo Molina Gómez, Argentine chairman of military junta (1955) *.Eduardo A. Lonardi, provisional president of Argentina (1955) *. Pedro Eugenio Aramburu, president of Argentina (1955–58) *. Arturo Frondizi, president of Argentina (1958–62) *.José María Guido, acting president of Argentina (1962–63) *. Arturo Illia, president of Argentina (1963–66) *.Revolutionary Junta: Pascual Ángel Pistarini Ludena, Benigno Ignacio Marcelino Varela Barnadou, Adolfo Teodoro Álvarez Melendi (1966) *. Juan Carlos Onganía, president of Argentina (1966–70) *.Pedro Alberto José Gnavi, Argentine chairman Junta of Commanders (1970) *.Roberto Marcelo Levingston, president of Argentina (1970–71) *.Alejandro Agustín Lanusse, president of Argentina (1971–73) *.Héctor José Cámpora, president of Argentina (1973) *.Isabel Perón, president of Argentina (1974–76) *.Military junta: Jorge Rafael Videla, Emilio Eduardo Massera, Orlando Ramón Agosti (1976) *.Jorge Rafael Videla, president of Argentina (1976–81) *.Roberto Eduardo Viola, president of Argentina (1981) *.Carlos Alberto Lacoste, acting president of Argentina (1981) *. Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri, Argentine general, president of Argentina (1981–82) *.Alfredo Óscar Saint Jean, acting president of Argentina (1982) *.Reynaldo Bignone, president of Argentina (1982–83) *. Raúl Alfonsín, president of Argentina (1983–89) *. Carlos Saul Menem, president of Argentina (1989–1999) *.Fernando de la Rúa, president of Argentina (1999–)

Poland: Rulers Polish Royalty *. Mieszko I, duke of Poland (962–92), the first important member of the Piastdynasty *. Boleslaus I, Polish ruler (992–1025) *. Mieszko II, king of Poland (1025–34) *. Casimir I, duke of Poland (c.1040–18) *. Boleslaus II, duke (1058–76), and later king (1076–79) of Poland *. Ladislaus Herman, duke of Poland (1079–1102) *. Boleslaus III, duke of Poland (1102–38) *. Casimir II, duke of Poland (1177–94) *. Ladislaus I, duke (1306–20) and later king (1320–33) of Poland *. Casimir III, king of Poland (1333–70) *. Ladislaus II, king of Poland (1386–1434), grand duke of Lithuania (1378–1401), founder of the Jagiellodynasty *. Jadwiga, Polish queen (1384–99) *. Ladislaus III, king of Poland (1434–44) and, as Uladislaus I, king of Hungary (1440–44) *. Casimir IV, king of Poland (1447–92) *. Sigismund I, king of Poland (1506–48) *. Sigismund II, king of Poland (1548–72). *. Sigismund III, king of Poland (1587–1632) and Sweden (1592–99) *. Ladislaus IV, king of Poland (1632–48) *. John II, king of Poland (1648–68) *. John III (John Sobieski), king of Poland (1674–96), champion of Christian Europe against the Ottomans *. Augustus II, king of Poland (1697–1733) and, as Frederick Augustus I, elector of Saxony (1694–1733) *. Stanislaus I, king of Poland (1704–09, 1733–35) and duke of Lorraine (1735–66) *. Augustus III, king of Poland (1735–63) and, as Frederick Augustus II, elector of Saxony (1733–63) *. Stanislaus II, last king of Poland (1764–95) Polish Republic and Polish People's Republic Prime MinistersJedrzej Moraczewski (1918–1919) Ignace Paderewski(1919) Leopold Skulski (1919–1920) Wladislaw Grabski (!920, 1923–1925) Wincenty Witos(1920–1921, 1923, 1926)) Antonin Ponikowski (1921–1922) Artur Sliwinski (!922) Wojciech Korfanty (!922) Julian Ignacy Nowak (!922) Wladyslaw Sikorski(!922–1923) Aleksander hrabia Skrzynski (1925–1926) Kazimierz Bartel (1926, 1928–1929, 1929–1930) Józef Pilsudski(1926–1928, 1930) Kazimierz Switalski (1929) Walery Slawek (1930, 1930–1931, 1935) Aleksander Prystor (1931–1933) Janusz Jedrzejewicz (1933–1934) Leon Kozlowski (1934–1935) Marian Koscialkowski-Zyndram (1935–1936) Felicjan Slawoj-Skladkowski (1936–1939) PremiersEdward Osóbka-Morawski (1945–1947, 1954–1970) Józef Cyrankiewic(1947–1952) Boleslaw Bierut (1952–1954) Piotr Jaroszewicz(1970–1980) Edward Babiuch (1980) Józef Pinkowski (1980–1981) Wojciech Jaruzelski(1981–1985) Zbigniew Messner (1985–1988) Mieczyslaw Rakowski (1888–1989) Czeslaw Kiszczak (1989) Tadeusz Mazowiecki (1989–1991) Jan Krzysztof Bielecki (1991) Jan Olszewski (1991–1992) Waldemar Pawlak (1992, 1993–1995) Hanna Suchocka (1992–1993) Józef Oleksy (1995–1996) Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz (1996–1997) Marek Belka (acting) (1997) Jerzy Buzek (1997–2001) Leszek Miller (2001– ) Presidents Wojciech Jaruzelski(1989–1990) Lech Walesa(1990–1995) Aleksander Kwasniewski(1995– )

Portugal: Kings, Queens, Presidents Kings and Queens AIfonso I(1128-1185) Sancho I(1185–1211) AIfonso II(1211–1223) Sancho II (1223-1245) AIfonso III(1248-1279) Diniz(1279-1325) AIfonso IV(1325-1357) Pedro I(1357-1367) Ferdinand I(1367-1383) João I(1385–1433) Duarte(1433-1438) AIfonso V(1438-1481) João II(1481-1495) Manuel I(1495–1521) João III(1521-1527) Sebastian(1557–1578) Henry, cardinal (1557-1580) Phillip I(1580–1598) Phillip II(1598–1621) Phillip III(1621–1640) João IV(1640-1656) Alfonso VI(1656–1683) Pedro II(1683–1706) João V(1706–1750) José I (1750–1777) Maria I(1777–1816) João VI o Clemente(1816–1826) Isabel Maria, president of council of regency (1826–1828) Pedro IV de Alcântara, regent (1826–1828) Maria II da Glória(1828, 1834–1853) Miguel I(1828–1834) Pedro V de Alcântara(1853–1861) Ferdinand II, regent (1853–1855) Luís I(1861–1889) Carlos I(1889–1908) Manuel II(1908–1910) Presidents Joaquim Teófilo Fernandes Braga(1910–1911, 1915) Manuel José de Arriaga Brum da Silveira e Peyrelongue (1911–1915) Bernardino Luís Machado Guimarães (1915–1917, 1925–1926) Sidónio Bernardino Cardoso da Silva Pais (1917–1918) João do Canto e Castro Silva Antunes (1918–1919) António José de Almeida(1919–1923) Manuel Teixeira Gomes (1923–1925) José Mendes Cabeçadas Júnior, acting (1926) Manuel de Oliveira Gomes da Costa , acting (1926) António Óscar de Fragoso Carmona(1926–1951) António de Oliveira Salazar, acting (1951) Francisco Higino Craveiro Lopes (1951–1958) Américo de Deus Rodrigues Tomás (1958–1974) António de Spínola(1974) Francisco da Costa Gomes (1974–1976) António dos Santos Ramalho Eanes(1976–1986) Mário Soares(1986–1996) Jorge Sampaio(1996–2006 ) Aníbal Cavaco Silva (2006- )