World history (801-999): 800–849 Charlemagne crowned first Holy Roman Emperor in Rome(800).Charlemagne dies(814),succeeded by his son, Louis the Pious, who divides France among his sons(817).Arabs conquer Crete, Sicily, and Sardinia(826–827). 850–899 Norsemen attack as far south as the Mediterranean but are thwarted(859),discover Iceland(861).Alfred the Great becomes king of Britain(871),defeats Danish invaders(878).Russian nation founded by Vikings under Prince Rurik, establishing capital at Novgorod(855–879). 900–949 Beginning of Mayan Post-Classical period (900–1519). Vikings discover Greenland(c. 900).Arab Spain under Abd ar-Rahman III becomes center of learning(912–961).Otto I becomes King of Germany (936). 950–999 Mieczyslaw I becomes first ruler of Poland(960).Eric the Red establishes first Viking colony in Greenland(982).Hugh Capet elected King of France in987;Capetian dynasty to rule until1328.Musical notation systematized(c. 990).Vikings and Danes attack Britain(988–999).Otto I crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope John XII(962).

World History 1–800(A.D.)World History Roman AqueductMontpellier, France Tina Diodati Christ Celtic Cross Renée Scott Mayan Pyramid at Chichén Itzá Renée Scott Japanese Pagoda Erik Hjortshoj Viking Ship (c. 900) 1–49 Birth of Jesus Christ (variously given from4B.C.toA.D.7).After Augustus, Tiberius becomes emperor (dies,A.D.37), succeeded by Caligula (assassinated,A.D.41), who is followed by Claudius. Crucifixion of Jesus (probablyA.D.30). Han dynasty in China founded by Emperor Kuang Wu Ti. Buddhism introduced to China. 50–99 Claudius poisoned(A.D.54),succeeded by Nero (commits suicide,A.D.68). Missionary journeys of Paul the Apostle(A.D.34–60).Jews revolt against Rome; Jerusalem destroyed(A.D.70).Roman persecutions of Christians begin(A.D.64).Colosseum built in Rome(A.D.71–80).Trajan (rulesA.D.98–116); Roman empire extends to Mesopotamia, Arabia, Balkans. First Gospels of St. Mark, St. John, St. Matthew. 100–149 Hadrian rules Rome(A.D.117–138);codifies Roman law, rebuilds Pantheon, establishes postal system, builds wall between England and Scotland. Jews revolt under Bar Kokhba(A.D.122–135);final Diaspora (dispersion) of Jews begins. 150–199 Marcus Aurelius rules Rome(A.D.161–180). Oldest Mayan temples in Central America(c.A.D.200). 200–249 Goths invade Asia Minor(c.A.D.220).Roman persecutions of Christians increase. Persian (Sassanid) empire re-established. End of Chinese Han dynasty. 250–299 Increasing invasions of the Roman empire by Franks and Goths. Buddhism spreads in China. Classic period of Mayan civilization (A.D.250–900); develop hieroglyphic writing, advances in art, architecture, science. 300–349 Constantine the Great (rulesA.D.312–337) reunites eastern and western Roman empires, with new capital (Constantinople) on site of Byzantium(A.D.330);issues Edict of Milan legalizing Christianity(A.D.313);becomes a Christian on his deathbed(A.D.337).Council of Nicaea(A.D.325)defines orthodox Christian doctrine. First Gupta dynasty in India(c.A.D.320). 350–399 Huns (Mongols) invade Europe(c.A.D.360).Theodosius the Great (rulesA.D.392–395)—last emperor of a united Roman empire. Roman empire permanently divided inA.D.395:western empire ruled from Rome; eastern empire ruled from Constantinople. 400–449 Western Roman empire disintegrates under weak emperors. Alaric, king of the Visigoths, sacks Rome(A.D.410).Attila, Hun chieftain, attacks Roman provinces(A.D.433).St. Patrick returns to Ireland(A.D.432) and brings Christianity to the island.St. Augustine'sCity of God(A.D.411). 450–499 Vandals destroy Rome(A.D.455).Western Roman empire ends as Odoacer, German chieftain, overthrows last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus, and becomes king of Italy(A.D.476).Ostrogothic kingdom of Italy established by Theodoric the Great(A.D.493).Clovis, ruler of the Franks, is converted to Christianity(A.D.496).First schism between western and eastern churches(A.D.484). 500–549 Eastern and western churches reconciled(519).Justinian I, the Great(483–565),becomes Byzantine emperor(527),issues his first code of civil laws(529),conquers North Africa, Italy, and part of Spain. Plague spreads through Europe (542et seq.). Arthur, semi-legendary king of the Britons (killed,c. 537). Boëthius, Roman scholar (executed,524). 550–599 Beginnings of European silk industry after Justinian's missionaries smuggle silkworms out of China(553).Mohammed, founder of Islam(570–632).Buddhism in Japan(c. 560).St. Augustine of Canterbury brings Christianity to Britain(597).After killing about half the population, plague in Europe subsides(594). 600–649 Mohammed flees from Mecca to Medina (theHegira); first year of the Muslim calendar(622).Muslim empire grows(634).Arabs conquer Jerusalem(637),conquer Persians(641). 650–699 Arabs attack North Africa(670),destroy Carthage(697).Venerable Bede, English monk(672–735). 700–749 Arab empire extends from Lisbon to China (by716). Charles Martel, Frankish leader, defeats Arabs at Tours/Poitiers, halting Arab advance in Europe(732).Charlemagne(742–814).Introduction of pagodas in Japan from China. 750–799 Charlemagne becomes king of the Franks(771).Caliph Harun al-Rashid rules Arab empire(786–809):the “golden age” of Arab culture. Vikings begin attacks on Britain(790),land in Ireland(795).City of Machu Picchu flourishes in Peru.

Ancient History (part 2 of 2): Before Christ(B.C.)or Before the Common Era(B.C.E.) 700–600B.C. End of Assyrian Empire(616B.C.)—Nineveh destroyed by Chaldeans (Neo-Babylonians) and Medes(612B.C.).Founding of Byzantium by Greeks(c. 660B.C.).Building of the Acropolis in Athens. Solon, Greek lawgiver(640–560B.C.).Sappho of Lesbos, Greek poet(fl. c. 610–580B.C.). Lao-tse, Chinese philosopher and founder of Taoism (bornc. 604B.C.). 600–500B.C. Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar builds empire, destroys Jerusalem(586B.C.).Babylonian Captivity of the Jews (starting587B.C.).Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Cyrus the Great of Persia creates great empire, conquers Babylon(539B.C.),frees the Jews. Athenian democracy develops. Aeschylus, Greek dramatist(525–465B.C.).Pythagoras, Greek philosopher and mathematician(582?–507?B.C.). Confucius(551–479B.C.)develops ethical and social philosophy in China. TheAnalectsor Lun-yü (“collected sayings”) are compiled by the second generation of Confucian disciples. Buddha(563?–483?B.C.)founds Buddhism in India. 500–400B.C. Greeks defeat Persians: battles of Marathon(490B.C.),Thermopylae(480B.C.),Salamis(480B.C.).Peloponnesian Wars between Athens and Sparta(431–404B.C.)—Sparta victorious. Pericles comes to power in Athens(462B.C.).Flowering of Greek culture during the Age of Pericles(450–400B.C.).The Parthenon is built in Athens as a temple of the goddess Athena (447–432B.C.). Ictinus and Callicrates are the architects and Phidias is responsible for the sculpture. Sophocles, Greek dramatist(496?–406B.C.).Hippocrates, Greek “Father of Medicine” (born460B.C.).Xerxes I, king of Persia (rules485–465B.C.). 400–300B.C. Pentateuch—first five books of the Old Testament evolve in final form. Philip of Macedon, who believed himself to be a descendant of the Greek people, assassinated(336B.C.)after subduing the Greek city-states; succeeded by son, Alexander the Great(356–323B.C.), who destroys Thebes(335B.C.),conquers Tyre and Jerusalem(332B.C.),occupies Babylon(330B.C.),invades India, and dies in Babylon. His empire is divided among his generals; one of them, Seleucis I, establishes Middle East empire with capitals at Antioch (Syria) and Seleucia (in Iraq). Trial and execution of Greek philosopher Socrates(399B.C.).Dialogues recorded by his student, Plato(c. 427–348 or 347B.C.).Euclid's work on geometry(323B.C.). Aristotle, Greek philosopher(384–322B.C.).Demosthenes, Greek orator(384–322B.C.).Praxiteles, Greek sculptor(400–330B.C.). 300–251B.C. First Punic War(264–241B.C.):Rome defeats the Carthaginians and begins its domination of the Mediterranean. Temple of the Sun at Teotihuacán, Mexico(c. 300B.C.).Invention of Mayan calendar in Yucatán—more exact than older calendars. First Roman gladiatorial games(264B.C.).Archimedes, Greek mathematician(287–212B.C.). 250–201B.C. Second Punic War(219–201B.C.):Hannibal, Carthaginian general(246–142B.C.),crosses the Alps(218B.C.),reaches gates of Rome(211B.C.),retreats, and is defeated by Scipio Africanus at Zama(202B.C.).Great Wall of China built(c. 215B.C.). 200–151B.C. Romans defeat Seleucid King Antiochus III at Thermopylae(191B.C.)—beginning of Roman world domination. Maccabean revolt against Seleucids(167B.C.). 150–101B.C. Third Punic War(149–146B.C.):Rome destroys Carthage, killing 450,000 and enslaving the remaining 50,000 inhabitants. Roman armies conquer Macedonia, Greece, Anatolia, Balearic Islands, and southern France. Venus de Milo(c. 140B.C.).Cicero, Roman orator(106–43B.C.). 100–51B.C. Julius Caesar(100–44B.C.)invades Britain(55B.C.)and conquers Gaul (France)(c. 50B.C.).Spartacus leads slave revolt against Rome(71B.C.).Romans conquer Seleucid empire. Roman general Pompey conquers Jerusalem(63B.C.).Cleopatra on Egyptian throne(51–31B.C.).Chinese develop use of paper(c. 100B.C.).Virgil, Roman poet(70–19B.C.).Horace, Roman poet(65–8B.C.). 50–1B.C. Caesar crosses Rubicon to fight Pompey(50B.C.).Herod made Roman governor of Judea(37B.C.).Caesar murdered(44B.C.).Caesar's nephew, Octavian, defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra at Battle of Actium(31B.C.),and establishes Roman empire as Emperor Augustus; rules27B.C.–A.D.14.Pantheon built for the first time under Agrippa, 27B.C.Ovid, Roman poet(43B.C.–A.D.18).

Ancient History (part 1 of 2): Before Christ(B.C.)or Before the Common Era(B.C.E.) 4.5 billion – 1B.C.World History Some Ancient Civilizations Ra, Egyptian Sun God (3000–2000B.C.) See also Egyptian Mythology The Great Pyramid at Giza (c. 2680B.C.) Kim Storm Stonehenge (c. 3000–1500B.C.) Peter F. Harrington Pythagoras (582?–507?B.C.) Buddha (563?–483?B.C.) Confucius(551–479B.C.) Parthenon(447–432B.C.) See also Greek and Roman Mythology Tina Diodati Plato (427?–348 or 347B.C.) Augustus Caesar (63B.C.–A.D.14) Mayan Hieroglyphics (c. 200B.C.) Pantheon in Rome(27B.C.; c.A.D.118–128) See also Greek and Roman Mythology Elaine Ouellette 4.5 billionB.C. Planet Earth formed. 3 billionB.C. First signs of primeval life (bacteria and blue-green algae) appear in oceans. 600 millionB.C. Earliest date to which fossils can be traced. 4.4 millionB.C. Earliest known hominid fossils (Ardipithecus ramidus) found in Aramis, Ethiopia, 1994. 4.2 millionB.C. Australopithecus anamensisfound in Lake Turkana, Kenya, 1995. 3.2 millionB.C. Australopithecus afarenis(nicknamed “Lucy”) found in Ethiopia, 1974. 2.5 millionB.C. Homo habilis(“Skillful Man”). First brain expansion; is believed to have used stone tools. 1.8 millionB.C. Homo erectus(“Upright Man”). Brain size twice that ofAustralopithecinespecies. 1.7 millionB.C. Homo erectusleaves Africa. 100,000B.C. First modernHomo sapiensin South Africa. 70,000B.C. Neanderthal man (use of fire and advanced tools). 35,000B.C. Neanderthal man replaced by later groups ofHomo sapiens(i.e., Cro-Magnon man, etc.). 18,000B.C. Cro-Magnons replaced by later cultures. 15,000B.C. Migrations across Bering Straits into the Americas. 10,000B.C. Semi-permanent agricultural settlements in Old World. 10,000–4,000B.C. Development of settlements into cities and development of skills such as the wheel, pottery, and improved methods of cultivation in Mesopotamia and elsewhere. 5500–3000B.C. Predynastic Egyptian cultures develop(5500–3100B.C.);begin using agriculture(c. 5000B.C.). Earliest known civilization arises in Sumer(4500–4000B.C.).Earliest recorded date in Egyptian calendar(4241B.C.).First year of Jewish calendar(3760B.C.).First phonetic writing appears(c. 3500B.C.).Sumerians develop a city-state civilization(c. 3000B.C.).Copper used by Egyptians and Sumerians. Western Europe is neolithic, without metals or written records. 3000–2000B.C. Pharaonic rule begins in Egypt. King Khufu (Cheops), 4th dynasty(2700–2675B.C.),completes construction of the Great Pyramid at Giza (c. 2680B.C.). The Great Sphinx of Giza (c. 2540B.C.) is built by King Khafre. Earliest Egyptian mummies. Papyrus. Phoenician settlements on coast of what is now Syria and Lebanon. Semitic tribes settle in Assyria. Sargon, first Akkadian king, builds Mesopotamian empire. The Gilgamesh epic(c. 3000B.C.).Systematic astronomy in Egypt, Babylon, India, China. 3000–1500B.C. The most ancient civilization on the Indian subcontinent, the sophisticated and extensive Indus Valley civilization, flourishes in what is today Pakistan. In Britain, Stonehenge erected according to some unknown astronomical rationale. Its three main phases of construction are thought to span c. 3000–1500B.C. 2000–1500B.C. Hyksos invaders drive Egyptians from Lower Egypt(17th centuryB.C.).Amosis I frees Egypt from Hyksos(c. 1600B.C.).Assyrians rise to power—cities of Ashur and Nineveh. Twenty-four-character alphabet in Egypt. Cuneiform inscriptions used by Hittites. Peak of Minoan culture on Isle of Crete—earliest form of written Greek. Hammurabi, king of Babylon, develops oldest existing code of laws(18th centuryB.C.). 1500–1000B.C. Ikhnaton develops monotheistic religion in Egypt(c. 1375B.C.).His successor, Tutankhamen, returns to earlier gods. Greeks destroy Troy(c. 1193B.C.).End of Greek civilization in Mycenae with invasion of Dorians. Chinese civilization develops under Shang Dynasty. Olmec civilization in Mexico—stone monuments; picture writing. 1000–900B.C. Solomon succeeds King David, builds Jerusalem temple. After Solomon's death, kingdom divided into Israel and Judah. Hebrew elders begin to write Old Testament books of Bible. Phoenicians colonize Spain with settlement at Cadiz. 900–800B.C. Phoenicians establish Carthage(c. 810B.C.).TheIliadand theOdyssey,perhaps composed by Greek poet Homer. 800–700B.C. Prophets Amos, Hosea, Isaiah. First recorded Olympic games(776B.C.).Legendary founding of Rome by Romulus(753B.C.).Assyrian king Sargon II conquers Hittites, Chaldeans, Samaria (end of Kingdom of Israel). Earliest written music. Chariots introduced into Italy by Etruscans.

HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES: US GOVERNMENT—A SYSTEM OF CHECKS AND BALANCES Native peoples lived throughout the Americas for centuries—arriving from Asia by a land bridge—and they developed complex, diverse cultures. The arrival of Europeans completely changed their way of life. Soon after Columbus landed in North America, other European explorers followed. Within a century, European countries were planning permanent colonies in North America. c. AD 1000Leif Eriksson is the first European to set foot in North America c. 1400Native tribes move into the southwest 1492Christopher Columbus sails west from Spain for Asia and lands in the West Indies 1513Ponce de León claims Florida for Spain 1519–21Hernán Cortés conquers the Aztec Empire 1532Francisco Pizarro conquers the Inca Empire 1585–87Two unsuccessful attempts are made to colonize Roanoke Island 1607Jamestown founded 1620Mayflower compact; Pilgrims found Plymouth 1621First Thanksgiving 1660King Charles II of England assigns land to be sold to colonists 1692Salem witch trials 1754Outbreak of French and Indian War 1763Treaty of Paris ends French claims in North America 1779Boston Massacre 1773Tea Act; Rebellious colonists stage the Boston Tea Party 1774The 13 colonies form First Continental Congress 1775–83American Revolution begins at Lexington and Concord; ends after British surrender at Yorktown July 4, 1776Declaration of Independence signed 1781Articles of Confederation ratified 1787Constitution signed 1789George Washington elected first US president 1791Bill of Rights ratified 1803Louisiana Purchase doubles land area of US 1812–14US at war with Great Britain; British burn Washington, D.C.; “Star-Spangled Banner” written 1820Missouri Compromise signed in attempt to avoid crisis over slavery 1823Monroe Doctrine 1830Indian Removal Act creates “Indian territories” 1840Telegraph first used 1841Oregon trail opens 1846US war against Mexico; US borders extended to Pacific Ocean 1849California Gold Rush 1861Civil War erupts when southern states secede from Union, forming Confederate States of America 1863Battle of Gettysburg; Gettysburg Address; Emancipation Proclamation 186513th Amendment abolishes slavery 1865Lee surrenders to Grant; President Lincoln assassinated 1867Reconstruction Act 186814th Amendment grants citizenship to African Americans 1869Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads meet at Promontory Point 187015th Amendment gives African Americans the right to vote 1876Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone 1879Thomas Edison makes the electric light bulb 1882Chinese Exclusion Act 1886Haymarket riot; American Federation of Labor organized 1890Frontier closes; massacre of American Indians at Wounded Knee 1898Spanish-American War; US acquires the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii 1903First flight by Wright brothers at Kitty Hawk 191316th Amendment places federal tax on income 1914Panama Canal opens 1915German U-boat sinks theLusitania 1916Child Labor Act 1917US enters World War I; end of Progressivism 1918End of World War I 191918th Amendment begins Prohibition 192019th Amendment gives women the vote 1927Charles Lindbergh makes flight across Atlantic; first “talkie” released 1929Stock market crashes; Great Depression 1933Great Plains become the “Dust Bowl”; President Roosevelt launches the New Deal 1939Germany invades Czechoslovakia and Poland; Great Britain and France declare war on Germany Dec. 7, 1941Pearl Harbor attacked; US enters war 1942Relocation of Japanese-Americans begins; Bataan Death March; Battles of Coral Sea and Midway June 6, 1944D-Day May 8, 1945Germany surrenders Aug. 6, 1945US drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima Aug. 9, 1945US drops atomic bomb on Nagasaki Aug. 15, 1945Japan surrenders 1948Marshall Plan implemented; Berlin airlift 1950McCarthy hearings begin; start of Korean War 1954Supreme Court ruling onBrown v. Board of Education 1955Montgomery bus boycott 1957Sputnik Ilaunched 1958First American satellite goes into orbit 1961Bay of Pigs fiasco 1962Cuban Missile Crisis 1963March on Washington, D.C.; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivers “I Have a Dream” speech Nov. 22, 1963President Kennedy assassinated 1965American troops sent to Vietnam 1968My Lai massacre Apr. 4, 1968Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated; violence erupts in 125 cities 1969Apollo 11crew lands on the Moon 1972Watergate break-in 1974President Nixon resigns 1975US personnel evacuated from Saigon; South Vietnam surrenders 1979Global oil shortage; gas rationing 1979Iranian rebels seize US Embassy 1981Scientists identify Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Jan. 28, 1986Space shuttleChallengerexplodes 1986Iran-Contra scandal 1989Berlin Wall torn down; fall of communism in eastern Europe begins 1991US leads coalition in Operation Desert Storm 1992US troops join UN mission in Somalia 1995Oklahoma City bombing 1998President Clinton impeached, later acquitted