All Nobel Prizes (1984-1987): 1987 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1987 J. Georg BednorzandK. Alexander Müller "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987 Donald J. Cram,Jean-Marie LehnandCharles J. Pedersen "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987 Susumu Tonegawa "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1987 Joseph Brodsky "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity" The Nobel Peace Prize 1987 Oscar Arias Sánchez "for his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year" The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1987 Robert M. Solow "for his contributions to the theory of economic growth" 1986 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 Ernst Ruska "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope" Gerd BinnigandHeinrich Rohrer "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1986 Dudley R. Herschbach,Yuan T. LeeandJohn C. Polanyi "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986 Stanley CohenandRita Levi-Montalcini "for their discoveries of growth factors" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1986 Wole Soyinka "who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence" The Nobel Peace Prize 1986 Elie Wiesel The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1986 James M. Buchanan Jr. "for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making" 1985 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1985 Klaus von Klitzing "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985 Herbert A. HauptmanandJerome Karle "for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985 Michael S. BrownandJoseph L. Goldstein "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1985 Claude Simon "who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition" The Nobel Peace Prize 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1985 Franco Modigliani "for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets" 1984 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1984 Carlo RubbiaandSimon van der Meer "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1984 Robert Bruce Merrifield "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984 Niels K. Jerne,Georges J.F. KöhlerandCésar Milstein "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1984 Jaroslav Seifert "for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man" The Nobel Peace Prize 1984 Desmond Mpilo Tutu The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1984 Richard Stone "for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis"
All Nobel Prizes (1988-1991): 1991 TheNobelPrizein Physics 1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers" TheNobelPrizein Chemistry 1991 Richard R. Ernst "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" TheNobelPrizein Physiology or Medicine 1991 Erwin NeherandBert Sakmann "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1991 Nadine Gordimer "who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity" The Nobel Peace Prize 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi "for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights" The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1991 Ronald H. Coase "for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy" 1990 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990 Jerome I. Friedman,Henry W. KendallandRichard E. Taylor "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990 Elias James Corey "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990 Joseph E. MurrayandE. Donnall Thomas "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1990 Octavio Paz "for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity" The Nobel Peace Prize 1990 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev "for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community" The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1990 Harry M. Markowitz,Merton H. MillerandWilliam F. Sharpe "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics" 1989 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1989 Norman F. Ramsey "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks" Hans G. DehmeltandWolfgang Paul "for the development of the ion trap technique" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989 Sidney AltmanandThomas R. Cech "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989 J. Michael BishopandHarold E. Varmus "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1989 Camilo José Cela "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability" The Nobel Peace Prize 1989 The 14th Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso) The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1989 Trygve Haavelmo "for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures" 1988 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988 Leon M. Lederman,Melvin SchwartzandJack Steinberger "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1988 Johann Deisenhofer,Robert HuberandHartmut Michel "for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988 Sir James W. Black,Gertrude B. ElionandGeorge H. Hitchings "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1988 Naguib Mahfouz "who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind" The Nobel Peace Prize 1988 United Nations Peacekeeping Forces The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1988 Maurice Allais "for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources"
All Nobel Prizes (1992-1995): 1995 TheNobelPrizein Physics 1995 "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics" Martin L. Perl "for the discovery of the tau lepton" Frederick Reines "for the detection of the neutrino" TheNobelPrizein Chemistry 1995 Paul J. Crutzen,Mario J. MolinaandF. Sherwood Rowland "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone" TheNobelPrizein Physiology or Medicine 1995 Edward B. Lewis,Christiane Nüsslein-VolhardandEric F. Wieschaus "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development" TheNobelPrizein Literature 1995 Seamus Heaney "for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past" TheNobelPeacePrize1995 Joseph RotblatandPugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs "for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms" The Sveriges RiksbankPrizein Economic Sciences in Memory of AlfredNobel1995 Robert E. Lucas Jr. "for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy" 1994 TheNobelPrizein Physics 1994 "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter" Bertram N. Brockhouse "for the development of neutron spectroscopy" Clifford G. Shull "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" TheNobelPrizein Chemistry 1994 George A. Olah "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry" TheNobelPrizein Physiology or Medicine 1994 Alfred G. GilmanandMartin Rodbell "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells" TheNobelPrizein Literature 1994 Kenzaburo Oe "who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today" TheNobelPeacePrize1994 Yasser Arafat,Shimon PeresandYitzhak Rabin "for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East" The Sveriges RiksbankPrizein Economic Sciences in Memory of AlfredNobel1994 John C. Harsanyi,John F. Nash Jr.andReinhard Selten "for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games" 1993 TheNobelPrizein Physics 1993 Russell A. HulseandJoseph H. Taylor Jr. "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation" TheNobelPrizein Chemistry 1993 "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry" Kary B. Mullis "for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method" Michael Smith "for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies" TheNobelPrizein Physiology or Medicine 1993 Richard J. RobertsandPhillip A. Sharp "for their discoveries of split genes" TheNobelPrizein Literature 1993 Toni Morrison "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality" TheNobelPeacePrize1993 Nelson MandelaandFrederik Willem de Klerk "for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa" The Sveriges RiksbankPrizein Economic Sciences in Memory of AlfredNobel1993 Robert W. FogelandDouglass C. North "for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change" 1992 TheNobelPrizein Physics 1992 Georges Charpak "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber" TheNobelPrizein Chemistry 1992 Rudolph A. Marcus "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems" TheNobelPrizein Physiology or Medicine 1992 Edmond H. FischerandEdwin G. Krebs "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism" TheNobelPrizein Literature 1992 Derek Walcott "for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment" TheNobelPeacePrize1992 Rigoberta Menchú Tum "in recognition of her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples" The Sveriges RiksbankPrizein Economic Sciences in Memory of AlfredNobel1992 Gary S. Becker "for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour"
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