Spain: Kings, Queens, Prime Ministers Kings and queens Carlos II(1665–1700) Felipe V(1700–1724, 1724–1746) Luis I (1724) Fernando VI(1746–1759) Carlos III(1759–1788) Carlos IV(1788–1808) Joaquín Murat, gran duque de Berg (1808) Fernando VII(1808–1833) Isabel II(1833–1868) María Cristina, regent (1833–1840) Baldomero Espartero, duque de la Victoria, regent (1840–1843) Carlos VI (1860) Amadeo I(1871–1873) Carlos VII (1872–1876) Alfonso XII(1874–1885) María Cristina, regent (1885–1886, 1886–1902) Alfonso XIII(1886–1931) Juan Carlos I(1975– ) Prime Ministers Francisco Franco(1938–1973), also head of state (1936–1975) Luis Carrero Blanco(1973) Torcuato Fernández Miranda, acting (1973–1974) Carlos Arias Navarro (1974–1976) Adolfo Suárez González (1976–1981) Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo y Bustelo (1981–1982) Felipe González Márquez(1981–1996) José María Aznar(1996–2004) José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (2004– )

Sweden: Kings and Queens Kings and Queens Karl XII(1697–1718) Ulrica Eleonora (1719–1720) Fredrik I (1720–1751) Adolf Fredrik (1751–1771) Gustaf III(1771–1792) Gustaf IV Adolf(1792–1809) Karl XIII(1809–1818) Karl XIV Johan(1818–1844) Oscar I(1844–1859) Karl XV(1859–1872) Oscar II(1872–1907) Gustaf V(1907–1950) Gustaf VI Adolf(1950–1973) Carl XVI Gustaf(1973– )

Turkey: Rulers Sultans Mustafa II(1695–1703) Ahmed III(1703–1730) Mahmud I(1730–1754) Osman III (1754–1757) Mustafa III(1757–1774) Abdülhamit I(1774–1789) Selim III(1789–1807) Mustafa IV(1807–1808) Mahmut II(1808–1839) Abdülmecit I(1839–1861) Abdülaziz I(1861–1876) Murad V(1876) Abdülhamit II (1876–1909) Mehmet V(1909–1918) Mehmet VI(1918–1923) Presidents Mustafa Kemal(Kemal Atatürk), chairman of the presidium of the Grand National Assembly (1922–1923), president (1923–1938) Mustafa Abdülhalik Renda (1938) Ismet Inönü(1938–1950) Mahmud Celal Bayar(1950–1960) Cemal Gürsel(1960–1966) Cevdet Sunay(1966–1973) Fahri Korutürk (1973–1980) Kenan Evren (1980–1989) Turgut Özal (1989–1993) Süleyman Demirel(1993–2000) Ahmet Necdet Sezer (2000– )

Vietnam: Rulers North Vietnam Presidents Ho Chi Minh(1945–1969) Ton Duc Thang (1969–1976) South Vietnam Presidents Ngo Dinh Diem(1955–1963) Duong Van Minh(1963–1964, 1975) Nguyen Khanh (!964) Phan Khac Suu (1964–1965) Nguyen Van Thieu(1965–1975) Tran Van Huong (1975) Huynh Tan Phat (1975–1976) Vietnam *.Ton Duc Thang, president (1976–1980) *.Nguyen Huu Tho, acting president (1980–1981) *.Truong Chinh, chairman of the state council (1981–1987) *.Vo Chi Cong, chairman of the state council (1987–1992) *.Le Duc Anh, president (1992–1997) *.Tran Duc Luong, president (1997– )

Biography South America: Venezuela Presidents Francisco Antonio Zea, acting (1819) Simón Bolívar(1819) José Antonio Páez(1830–1835, 1839–1843, 1861–1863) Andrés Narvarte, acting (1835, 1836–1837) José María Vargas (1835, 1935–1936) Pedro Briceño, provisional (1835) Santiago Mariño, Superior Chief of State (1835) José María Carreño, acting (1835, 1937) Carlos Soublette, acting (1837–1839, 1843–1847) Santos Michelena, acting (1843) Diego Bautista Urbaneja, acting (1847) José Tadeo Monagas(1847–1851) Antonio Leocadio Guzmán, acting (1851) José Gregorio Monaga (1851–1855, 1855–1858) Joaquín Herrera, acting (1855) Pedro Gual, president of provisional government (1858), acting president (1859, 1861) Julián Castro (1858–1859) Juan Crisóstomo Falcón (1859, 1865–1868), provisional (1863–1865) Manuel Felipe de Tovar, acting (1859–1861) Antonio Guzmán Blanco(1863, 1865, 1870–1877, 1879–1874, 1886–1888), supreme director (1879) Guillermo Tell Villegas (1868–1869, 1892) José Ruperto Monagas, acting (1869–1870) Juan Vicente González, acting (1870) Esteban Palacios, acting (1870) Jacinto Gutiérrez Martínez, acting (1877, 1878–1879) Francisco Linares Alcántara (!877–1878) José Gregorio Valera, acting (1879) Gregorio Cedeño (1879) José Rafael Pacheco (1879) Joaquín Crespo(1884–1886, 1892–1894, 1894–1898) Manuel Antonio Diez, acting (1886) Juan Pablo Rojas Paúl (1880–1890) Raimundo Andueza Palacio (1990–1892) Manuel Guzmán Álvarez, acting (1894, 1898) Ignacio Andrade (1898–1899) Víctor Rodríguez Párraga, acting (1899) Cipriano Castro(1899–1909) Juan Vicente Gómez(1909–1910, 1910–1914, 1922–1929, 1931–1935) Emilio Constantino Guerrero, acting (1910) Jesús Ramón Ayala, acting (1910) Victorino Márquez Bustillos, provisional (1914–1922) Juan Bautista Pérez (1929–1931) Pedro Itriago Chacín, acting (1931) Eleazar López Contreras (1935–1936, 1936–1941) Arminio Borjas, acting (1936) Isaías Medina Angarita (1941–1945) Rómulo Betancourt, chairman revolutionary junta (1945–1948), president (1959–1964) Rómulo Gallegos(1948) Carlos Delgado Chalbaud, chairman, military junta (1948–1950) German Suárez Flamerich, chairman, military junta (1950–1952) Marcos Pérez Jiménez(1952–1958) Wolfgang Larrazábal, chairman, government junta (1958) Edgar Sanabria Arcia, chairman, government junta (1958–1959) Raúl Leoni(1964–1969) Rafael Caldera(1969–1974, 1994–1999) Carlos Andrés Pérez(1974–1979, 1989–1993) Luis Herrera Campins (1979–1984) Jaime Lusinchi (1984–1989) Octavio Lepage, acting (1993) Ramón José Velásquez, interim (1993–1994) Hugo Chávez (1999– )