Turkey: Rulers Sultans Mustafa II(1695–1703) Ahmed III(1703–1730) Mahmud I(1730–1754) Osman III (1754–1757) Mustafa III(1757–1774) Abdülhamit I(1774–1789) Selim III(1789–1807) Mustafa IV(1807–1808) Mahmut II(1808–1839) Abdülmecit I(1839–1861) Abdülaziz I(1861–1876) Murad V(1876) Abdülhamit II (1876–1909) Mehmet V(1909–1918) Mehmet VI(1918–1923) Presidents Mustafa Kemal(Kemal Atatürk), chairman of the presidium of the Grand National Assembly (1922–1923), president (1923–1938) Mustafa Abdülhalik Renda (1938) Ismet Inönü(1938–1950) Mahmud Celal Bayar(1950–1960) Cemal Gürsel(1960–1966) Cevdet Sunay(1966–1973) Fahri Korutürk (1973–1980) Kenan Evren (1980–1989) Turgut Özal (1989–1993) Süleyman Demirel(1993–2000) Ahmet Necdet Sezer (2000– )

Vietnam: Rulers North Vietnam Presidents Ho Chi Minh(1945–1969) Ton Duc Thang (1969–1976) South Vietnam Presidents Ngo Dinh Diem(1955–1963) Duong Van Minh(1963–1964, 1975) Nguyen Khanh (!964) Phan Khac Suu (1964–1965) Nguyen Van Thieu(1965–1975) Tran Van Huong (1975) Huynh Tan Phat (1975–1976) Vietnam *.Ton Duc Thang, president (1976–1980) *.Nguyen Huu Tho, acting president (1980–1981) *.Truong Chinh, chairman of the state council (1981–1987) *.Vo Chi Cong, chairman of the state council (1987–1992) *.Le Duc Anh, president (1992–1997) *.Tran Duc Luong, president (1997– )

Biography South America: Venezuela Presidents Francisco Antonio Zea, acting (1819) Simón Bolívar(1819) José Antonio Páez(1830–1835, 1839–1843, 1861–1863) Andrés Narvarte, acting (1835, 1836–1837) José María Vargas (1835, 1935–1936) Pedro Briceño, provisional (1835) Santiago Mariño, Superior Chief of State (1835) José María Carreño, acting (1835, 1937) Carlos Soublette, acting (1837–1839, 1843–1847) Santos Michelena, acting (1843) Diego Bautista Urbaneja, acting (1847) José Tadeo Monagas(1847–1851) Antonio Leocadio Guzmán, acting (1851) José Gregorio Monaga (1851–1855, 1855–1858) Joaquín Herrera, acting (1855) Pedro Gual, president of provisional government (1858), acting president (1859, 1861) Julián Castro (1858–1859) Juan Crisóstomo Falcón (1859, 1865–1868), provisional (1863–1865) Manuel Felipe de Tovar, acting (1859–1861) Antonio Guzmán Blanco(1863, 1865, 1870–1877, 1879–1874, 1886–1888), supreme director (1879) Guillermo Tell Villegas (1868–1869, 1892) José Ruperto Monagas, acting (1869–1870) Juan Vicente González, acting (1870) Esteban Palacios, acting (1870) Jacinto Gutiérrez Martínez, acting (1877, 1878–1879) Francisco Linares Alcántara (!877–1878) José Gregorio Valera, acting (1879) Gregorio Cedeño (1879) José Rafael Pacheco (1879) Joaquín Crespo(1884–1886, 1892–1894, 1894–1898) Manuel Antonio Diez, acting (1886) Juan Pablo Rojas Paúl (1880–1890) Raimundo Andueza Palacio (1990–1892) Manuel Guzmán Álvarez, acting (1894, 1898) Ignacio Andrade (1898–1899) Víctor Rodríguez Párraga, acting (1899) Cipriano Castro(1899–1909) Juan Vicente Gómez(1909–1910, 1910–1914, 1922–1929, 1931–1935) Emilio Constantino Guerrero, acting (1910) Jesús Ramón Ayala, acting (1910) Victorino Márquez Bustillos, provisional (1914–1922) Juan Bautista Pérez (1929–1931) Pedro Itriago Chacín, acting (1931) Eleazar López Contreras (1935–1936, 1936–1941) Arminio Borjas, acting (1936) Isaías Medina Angarita (1941–1945) Rómulo Betancourt, chairman revolutionary junta (1945–1948), president (1959–1964) Rómulo Gallegos(1948) Carlos Delgado Chalbaud, chairman, military junta (1948–1950) German Suárez Flamerich, chairman, military junta (1950–1952) Marcos Pérez Jiménez(1952–1958) Wolfgang Larrazábal, chairman, government junta (1958) Edgar Sanabria Arcia, chairman, government junta (1958–1959) Raúl Leoni(1964–1969) Rafael Caldera(1969–1974, 1994–1999) Carlos Andrés Pérez(1974–1979, 1989–1993) Luis Herrera Campins (1979–1984) Jaime Lusinchi (1984–1989) Octavio Lepage, acting (1993) Ramón José Velásquez, interim (1993–1994) Hugo Chávez (1999– )

Biography South America: Peru *.Eduardo López de Romaña, president of Peru (1899–03) *.Manuel Candamo, president of Peru (1903–04) *.Serapio Calderón, acting president of Peru (1904) *.José Pardo y Barreda, president of Peru (1904–08) *. Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo, president of Peru (1908–12; 1919–30) *.Guillermo E. Billinghurst, president of Peru (1912–14) *.Óscar Raymundo Benavides Larrea, president of Peru (1914–15) *.José Pardo y Barreda, president of Peru (1915–19) *.Manuel María Ponce Brousset, Peruvian chairman military junta (1930) *.Luis M. Sánchez Cerro, president of Preu (1930–31) *.Mariano Holguín Maldonado, Peruvian chairman Transitional Junta (1931) *.Ricardo Leoncio Elías Arias, Peruvian chairman Transitional Junta (1931) *.Gustavo A. Jiménez, Peruvian chairman Transitional Junta (1931) *.David Samanez Ocampo y Sobrino, Peruvian chairman National Junta (1931) *.Luis M. Sánchez Cerro, president of Peru (1931–33) *.Óscar Raymundo Benavides Larrea, president of Peru (1933–39) *.Manuel Prado y Ugarteche, president of Peru (1939–45, 1956–62) *.José Luis Bustamante y Rivero, president of Peru (1945–48) *. Manuel Apolinario Odría Amoretti, president of Peru (1948–50; 1950–56) *.Zenón Noriega Agüero, Peruvian chairman military junta (1950) *.Ricardo Pío Pérez Godoy, Peruvian junta chairman (1962–63) *.Nicolás Lindley López, Peruvian junta chairman (1963) *. Fernando Belaúnde Terry, president of Peru (1963–68, 1980–85) *. Juan Velasco Alvarado, president of Peru (1968–75) *.Francisco Morales Bermúdez, president of Peru (1975–80) *.Alan García Pérez , president of Peru (1985–90) *. Alberto Fujimori, president of Peru (1990–2000) *.Valentín Paniagua, president of Peru (2000–2001) *. Alejandro Toledo, president of Peru (2001– Uruguay *.Juan Lindolfo Cuestas, president of Uruguay (1897–99, 1899–1903) *. José Batlle y Ordóñez, president of Uruguay (1903–07, 1911–15) *.Claudio Wílliman, president of Uruguay (1907–11) *.Feliciano Viera, president of Uruguay (1915–19) *.Baltasar Brum, president of Uruguay (1919–23) *.José Serrato, president of Uruguay (1923–27) *.Juan Campisteguy, president of Uruguay (1927–31) *. Gabriel Terra, president of Uruguay (1931–38) *.Alfredo Baldomir, president of Uruguay (1938–43) *.Juan José de Amézaga, president of Uruguay (1943–47) *.Tomás Berreta, president of Uruguay (1947) *.Luis Batlle Berres, president of Uruguay (1947–51) *.Andrés Martínez Trueba, president of Uruguay (1951–52) *.Andrés Martínez Trueba, president of the National Council (1952–55) *.Luis Batlle Berres, president of the National Council (1955–56) *.Alberto Fermín Zubiría, president of the National Council (1957–57) *.Arturo Lezama, president of the National Council (1957–58) *.Carlos L. Fischer, president of the National Council (1958–59) *.Martín R. Echegoyen, president of the National Council (1959–60) *.Benito Nardone, president of the National Council (1960–61) *.Eduardo Víctor Haedo, president of the National Council (1961–62) *.Faustino Harrison, president of the National Council (1962–63) *.Daniel Fernández Crespo, president of the National Council (1963–64) *.Luis Giannattasio, president of the National Council (1964–65) *.Wáshington Beltrán, president of the National Council (1965–66) *.Alberto Héber Usher, president of the National Council (1966–67) *.Óscar Diego Gestido, president of Uruguay (1967) *.Jorge Pacheco Areco, president of Uruguay (1967–72) *.Juan María Bordaberry Arocena, president of Uruguay (1972–76) *.Alberto Demicheli, acting president of Uruguay (1976) *.Aparicio Méndez, president of Uruguay (1976–81) *.Gregorio Conrado Álvarez Armelino, president of Uruguay (1981–85) *.Rafael Addiego Bruno, acting president of Uruguay (1985) *.Julio María Sanguinetti Cairolo, president of Uruguay (1985–90) *.Luis Alberto Lacalle, president of Uruguay (1990–95) *.Julio María Sanguinetti Cairolo, president of Uruguay (1995–2000) *.Jorge Batlle, president of Uruguay (2000–)

Biography South America: Brazil *. Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil, Bragança dynasty (1822–31) *. Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil, Bragança dynasty (1831–89) *. Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca, president of Brazil (1889–91) *. Floriano Peixoto, acting president of Brazil (1891–94) *.Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales, president of Brazil (1898–1902) *.Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves, president of Brazil (1902–06) *.Afonso Augusto Moreira Pena, president of Brazil (1906–09) *.Nilo Peçanha, president of Brazil (1909–10) *.Venceslau Brás Pereira Gomes, president of Brazil (1914–18) *.Delfim Moreira, acting president of Brazil (1918–19) *.Epitâcio da Silva Pessoa, president of Brazil (1919–22) *.Artur da Silva Bernardes, president of Brazil (1922–26) *.Washington Luís Pereira de Sousa, president of Brazil (1926–30) *.Augusto Tasso Fragoso, chairman Government Junta (1930) *. Getúlio Vargas, pesident of Brazil (1930–45, 1951–54) *.José Linhares, president of Brazil (1945–46) *.Eurico Gaspar Dutra, president of Brazil (1946–51) *.João Café Filho, president of Brazil (1954–56) *.Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, president of Brazil (1956–61) *. Jânio da Silva Quadros, president of Brazil (1961) *. João Belchior Marques Goulart, president of Brazil (1961–64) *. Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco, president of Brazil (1964–67) *. Artur da Costa e Silva, president of Brazil (1967–69) *.Military junta: Augusto Hamann Rademaker Grünewald, Aurélio de Lyra Tavares, Márcio de Souza e Mello (1969) *. Emílio Garrastazú Médici, president of Brazil (1969–74) *.Ernesto Geisel, president of Brazil (1974–79) *. João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo, president of Brazil (1979–85) *. José Sarney, president of Brazil (1985–90) *. Fernando Collor de Mello, president of Brazil (1990–92) *.Itamar Franco, acting for Collor (1992–95) *. Fernando Henrique Cardoso, president of Brazil (1995–) Chile *. Bernardo O'Higgins, supreme director of Chile (1818–23) *. Manuel Bulnes, president of Chile (1841–51) *. Manuel Montt, president of Chile (1851–61) *. Domingo Santa María, president of Chile (1881–86) *. José Manuel Balmaceda, president of Chile (1886–91) *. Jorge Montt, president of Chile (1891–96) *.Federico Errázuriz Echaurren, president of Chile (1896–01) *.Aníbal Zañartu Zañartu, acting president of Chile (1901) *.Germán Riesco, president of Chile (1901–06) *. Pedro Montt, president of Chile (1906–10) *.Elías Fernández Albano, acting president of Chile (1910) *.Emiliano Figueroa Larraín, president of Chile (1910) *.Ramón Barros Luco, president of Chile (1910–15) *.Juan Luis Sanfuentes, president of Chile (1915–20) *.Arturo Alessandri Palma, president of Chile (1920–24) *.Luis Altamirano Talavera, Chilean junta chairman (1924–25) *.Pedro Pablo Dartnell Encina, Chilean junta chairman (1925) *.Arturo Alessandri Palma, president of Chile (1925) *.Luis Barros Borgoño, acting, president of Chile (1925) *.Emiliano Figueroa Larraín, president of Chile (1925–27) *. Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, president of Chile (1927–31, 1952–58) *.Juan Esteban Montero Rodríguez, president of Chile (1931–32) *.Arturo Puga Osorio, chairman Junta of the Socialist Republic of Chile (1932) *.Carlos Gregorio Dávila Espinosa, chairman Junta of the Socialist Republic of Chile, provisional president of the Socialist Republic of Chile (1932) *.Bartolomé Blanche Espejo, provisional president of Chile (1932) *.Abraham Oyanedel Urrutia, acting president of Chile (1932) *.Arturo Alessandri Palma, president of Chile (1932–38) *.Pedro Aguirre Cerda, president of Chile (1938–41) *.Jerónimo Méndez Arancibia, acting president of Chile (1941–42) *.Juan Antonio Ríos Morales, president of Chile (1942–46) *.Alfredo Duhalde Vásquez, acting president of Chile (1946) *.Vicente Merino Bielich, acting president of Chile (1946) *.Juan Antonio Iribarren Cabezas, acting president of Chile (1946) *.Gabriel González Videla, president of Chile (1946–52) *.Jorge Alessandri Rodríguez, president of Chile (1958–64) *. Eduardo Frei Montalva, president of Chile (1964–70) *. Salvador Allende, president of Chile (1970–73) *. Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, Junta leader (1973–74), president of Chile (1974–90) *. José Toribio Merino Castro, Junta leader (1973–74) *. César Mendoza Durán, Junta leader (1973–74) *. Gustavo Leigh Guzmán, Junta leader (1973–74) *. Patricio Aylwin Azócar, president of Chile (1990–94) *.Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, president of Chile (1994–2000) *.Ricardo Lagos Escobar, president of Chile (2000–)