Biography South America: Argentina *. Juan Facundo Quiroga, Argentine caudillo(1790–1835) *. Juan Martín de Pueyrredón,Argentine general, supreme director of the United Provinces of La Plata (1816–19) *. Bernardino Rivadavia, Argentine statesman and diplomat, first president of the United Provinces of La Plata (1826–27) *. Juan Manuel de Rosas, Argentine dictator, governor of Buenos Aires province (1829–32, 1835–52) *. Justo José de Urquiza, Argentine general and politician, president of the confederation (1854–60) *. Bartolomé MitreArgentine statesman, general, and author, president of the republic (1862–68) *. Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, Argentine statesman, educator, and author, president of the republic (1868–74) *. Nicolás Avellaneda, Argentine statesman, president of the republic (1874–80) *. Julio Argentino Roca, general, president of Argentina (1880–86, 1898–1904) *. Miguel Juárez Celman, president of Argentina (1886–90) *.Manuel A. Quintana, president of Argentina (1904–06) *.José Figueroa Alcorta, president of Argentina (1906–10) *. Roque Sáenz Peña, Argentine statesman, president of the republic (1910–14) *.Victorino de la Plaza, president of Argentina (1914–16) *. Hipólito Irigoyen, Argentine political leader, president of the republic (1916–22, 1928–30) *. Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear, Argentine statesman and diplomat, president of the republic (1922–28) *.José Félix Uriburu, president of Argentina (1930–32) *. Agustín Pedro Justo, president of Argentina (1932–38) *.Roberto M. Ortiz, president of Argentina (1938–42) *.Ramón S. Castillo, president of Argentina (1940–43) *.Arturo Rawson Corvalán, president of the Provisional Government (1943) *.Pedro Pablo Ramírez Machuca, president of the Provisional Government (1943–44) *.Edelmiro J. Farrell, president of Argentina (1944–46) *. Juan Domingo Perón,president of Argentina (1946–55, 1973–74) *.José Domingo Molina Gómez, Argentine chairman of military junta (1955) *.Eduardo A. Lonardi, provisional president of Argentina (1955) *. Pedro Eugenio Aramburu, president of Argentina (1955–58) *. Arturo Frondizi, president of Argentina (1958–62) *.José María Guido, acting president of Argentina (1962–63) *. Arturo Illia, president of Argentina (1963–66) *.Revolutionary Junta: Pascual Ángel Pistarini Ludena, Benigno Ignacio Marcelino Varela Barnadou, Adolfo Teodoro Álvarez Melendi (1966) *. Juan Carlos Onganía, president of Argentina (1966–70) *.Pedro Alberto José Gnavi, Argentine chairman Junta of Commanders (1970) *.Roberto Marcelo Levingston, president of Argentina (1970–71) *.Alejandro Agustín Lanusse, president of Argentina (1971–73) *.Héctor José Cámpora, president of Argentina (1973) *.Isabel Perón, president of Argentina (1974–76) *.Military junta: Jorge Rafael Videla, Emilio Eduardo Massera, Orlando Ramón Agosti (1976) *.Jorge Rafael Videla, president of Argentina (1976–81) *.Roberto Eduardo Viola, president of Argentina (1981) *.Carlos Alberto Lacoste, acting president of Argentina (1981) *. Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri, Argentine general, president of Argentina (1981–82) *.Alfredo Óscar Saint Jean, acting president of Argentina (1982) *.Reynaldo Bignone, president of Argentina (1982–83) *. Raúl Alfonsín, president of Argentina (1983–89) *. Carlos Saul Menem, president of Argentina (1989–1999) *.Fernando de la Rúa, president of Argentina (1999–)

Poland: Rulers Polish Royalty *. Mieszko I, duke of Poland (962–92), the first important member of the Piastdynasty *. Boleslaus I, Polish ruler (992–1025) *. Mieszko II, king of Poland (1025–34) *. Casimir I, duke of Poland (c.1040–18) *. Boleslaus II, duke (1058–76), and later king (1076–79) of Poland *. Ladislaus Herman, duke of Poland (1079–1102) *. Boleslaus III, duke of Poland (1102–38) *. Casimir II, duke of Poland (1177–94) *. Ladislaus I, duke (1306–20) and later king (1320–33) of Poland *. Casimir III, king of Poland (1333–70) *. Ladislaus II, king of Poland (1386–1434), grand duke of Lithuania (1378–1401), founder of the Jagiellodynasty *. Jadwiga, Polish queen (1384–99) *. Ladislaus III, king of Poland (1434–44) and, as Uladislaus I, king of Hungary (1440–44) *. Casimir IV, king of Poland (1447–92) *. Sigismund I, king of Poland (1506–48) *. Sigismund II, king of Poland (1548–72). *. Sigismund III, king of Poland (1587–1632) and Sweden (1592–99) *. Ladislaus IV, king of Poland (1632–48) *. John II, king of Poland (1648–68) *. John III (John Sobieski), king of Poland (1674–96), champion of Christian Europe against the Ottomans *. Augustus II, king of Poland (1697–1733) and, as Frederick Augustus I, elector of Saxony (1694–1733) *. Stanislaus I, king of Poland (1704–09, 1733–35) and duke of Lorraine (1735–66) *. Augustus III, king of Poland (1735–63) and, as Frederick Augustus II, elector of Saxony (1733–63) *. Stanislaus II, last king of Poland (1764–95) Polish Republic and Polish People's Republic Prime MinistersJedrzej Moraczewski (1918–1919) Ignace Paderewski(1919) Leopold Skulski (1919–1920) Wladislaw Grabski (!920, 1923–1925) Wincenty Witos(1920–1921, 1923, 1926)) Antonin Ponikowski (1921–1922) Artur Sliwinski (!922) Wojciech Korfanty (!922) Julian Ignacy Nowak (!922) Wladyslaw Sikorski(!922–1923) Aleksander hrabia Skrzynski (1925–1926) Kazimierz Bartel (1926, 1928–1929, 1929–1930) Józef Pilsudski(1926–1928, 1930) Kazimierz Switalski (1929) Walery Slawek (1930, 1930–1931, 1935) Aleksander Prystor (1931–1933) Janusz Jedrzejewicz (1933–1934) Leon Kozlowski (1934–1935) Marian Koscialkowski-Zyndram (1935–1936) Felicjan Slawoj-Skladkowski (1936–1939) PremiersEdward Osóbka-Morawski (1945–1947, 1954–1970) Józef Cyrankiewic(1947–1952) Boleslaw Bierut (1952–1954) Piotr Jaroszewicz(1970–1980) Edward Babiuch (1980) Józef Pinkowski (1980–1981) Wojciech Jaruzelski(1981–1985) Zbigniew Messner (1985–1988) Mieczyslaw Rakowski (1888–1989) Czeslaw Kiszczak (1989) Tadeusz Mazowiecki (1989–1991) Jan Krzysztof Bielecki (1991) Jan Olszewski (1991–1992) Waldemar Pawlak (1992, 1993–1995) Hanna Suchocka (1992–1993) Józef Oleksy (1995–1996) Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz (1996–1997) Marek Belka (acting) (1997) Jerzy Buzek (1997–2001) Leszek Miller (2001– ) Presidents Wojciech Jaruzelski(1989–1990) Lech Walesa(1990–1995) Aleksander Kwasniewski(1995– )

Portugal: Kings, Queens, Presidents Kings and Queens AIfonso I(1128-1185) Sancho I(1185–1211) AIfonso II(1211–1223) Sancho II (1223-1245) AIfonso III(1248-1279) Diniz(1279-1325) AIfonso IV(1325-1357) Pedro I(1357-1367) Ferdinand I(1367-1383) João I(1385–1433) Duarte(1433-1438) AIfonso V(1438-1481) João II(1481-1495) Manuel I(1495–1521) João III(1521-1527) Sebastian(1557–1578) Henry, cardinal (1557-1580) Phillip I(1580–1598) Phillip II(1598–1621) Phillip III(1621–1640) João IV(1640-1656) Alfonso VI(1656–1683) Pedro II(1683–1706) João V(1706–1750) José I (1750–1777) Maria I(1777–1816) João VI o Clemente(1816–1826) Isabel Maria, president of council of regency (1826–1828) Pedro IV de Alcântara, regent (1826–1828) Maria II da Glória(1828, 1834–1853) Miguel I(1828–1834) Pedro V de Alcântara(1853–1861) Ferdinand II, regent (1853–1855) Luís I(1861–1889) Carlos I(1889–1908) Manuel II(1908–1910) Presidents Joaquim Teófilo Fernandes Braga(1910–1911, 1915) Manuel José de Arriaga Brum da Silveira e Peyrelongue (1911–1915) Bernardino Luís Machado Guimarães (1915–1917, 1925–1926) Sidónio Bernardino Cardoso da Silva Pais (1917–1918) João do Canto e Castro Silva Antunes (1918–1919) António José de Almeida(1919–1923) Manuel Teixeira Gomes (1923–1925) José Mendes Cabeçadas Júnior, acting (1926) Manuel de Oliveira Gomes da Costa , acting (1926) António Óscar de Fragoso Carmona(1926–1951) António de Oliveira Salazar, acting (1951) Francisco Higino Craveiro Lopes (1951–1958) Américo de Deus Rodrigues Tomás (1958–1974) António de Spínola(1974) Francisco da Costa Gomes (1974–1976) António dos Santos Ramalho Eanes(1976–1986) Mário Soares(1986–1996) Jorge Sampaio(1996–2006 ) Aníbal Cavaco Silva (2006- )

Philippines: Presidents Presidents Manuel L. Quezon(1935–1944) Jorge B. Vargas, president of the Executive Commission of the Philippine Council of State (1943) José P. Laurel (1943–1945) Sergio Osmeña(1944–1946) Manuel Roxas y Acuña (1946–1948) Elpidio Quirino(1948–1953) Ramon Magsaysay(1953–1957) Carlos Polestico Garcia (1957–1961) Diosdado Macapagal(1961–1965) Ferdinand E. MarcosA0831745 (1965–1986) Corazon Aquino(1986–1992) Fidel V. Ramos(1992–1998) Joseph Estrada (1998–2001) Gloria Macapagal- Arroyo(2001– )

Iraq: Rulers Kings Faisal I(1921–1933) Ghazi I (1933–1939) Faisal II(1939–1958) Abd al-Ilah, regent (1939–1941, 1941–1953) Sharaf ibn Rajih al-Fawwaz, regent (1941) Chairman of the Sovereignty CouncilMuhammad Najib ar-Ruba`i PresidentsAbd as-Salam `Arif (1963–1966) Abd ar-Rahman al-Bazzaz (!966) Abd ar-Rahman `Arif (1966–1968) Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr (1968–1979) Saddam Hussein(1979–2003