Africa: Rulers (part 1 of 2): Congo: Rulers *.Theophile Theodore Joseph Antoine Baron Wahis, governor-general of the Belgian Congo (1900–12) *.Felix Alexandre Fuch, governor-general of the Belgian Congo (1912–16) *.Eugene Joseph Marie Henry, governor-general of the Belgian Congo (1916–21) *.Maurice Eugene Auguste Lippens, governor-general of the Belgian Congo (1921–23) *.Martin Joseph Marie René Rutten, governor-general of the Belgian Congo (1923–27) *.Auguste Constant Tilkens, governor-general of the Belgian Congo (1927–34) *.Pierre Marie Joseph Ryckmans, governor-general of the Belgian Congo (1934–46) *.Eugène Jacques Pierre Louis Jungers, governor-general of the Belgian Congo (1946–51) *.Léon Antoine Marie Petillon, governor-general of the Belgian Congo (1951–58) *.Henri Arthur Adolf Marie Christopher Cornelis, governor-general of the Belgian Congo (1958–60) *. Patrice Emergy Lumumba, prime minister of the Republic of the Congo (1960) *. Moise Tshombe, president of Katanga (1960–61), prime minister of the Republic of the Congo (1964–65) *. Joseph Kasavubu, president of the Republic of the Congo (1960–65) *. Mobutu Sese Seko, president of Zaïre (1965–97) *. Laurent Kabila, president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1997–2001) *. Joseph Kabila, son of Laurent, president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2001–) Morocco: Rulers *. Yakub I, ruler of Morocco (1184–99) and Moorish Spain. *. Ismail, sultan of Morocco (1672–1727) *. Abd ar-Rahman, sultan of Morocco (1822–59) *. Hassan, sultan of Morocco (1873–94) *. Abd al-Aziz IV, sultan of Morocco (1894–1908) *. Abd al-Hafiz, sultan of Morocco (1908–12) *.Yusuf, sultan of Morocco (1912–27) *. Muhammad V, sultan of Morocco (1927–53, 1955–57), king of Morocco (1957–61) *.Muhammad VI, sultan of Morocco (1953–55) *.Council of Throne Guardians (1955) *. Hassan II, king of Morocco (1961–1999) *.Muhammad VI, king of Morocco (1999–) South Africa: Rulers *. Sir John Henry Brand, South African politician, president of the Orange Free State (1864–71) *. Stephanus Johannes Paulus Krüger, president of Transvaal (1883–1902) *. Martinus Theunis Steyn, last president (1896–1900) of the Orange Free State *.Hamilton John Goold-Adams, governor of the Orange Free State (1901–02, 1907–10) *. Sir Alfred Milner, governor of Cape Colony (1897–1901), governor of Orange River Colony, Orange Free State (1902–05), governor of Transvaal (1902) *.Sir John Gordon Sprigg, premier of Cape Colony (1900–04) *.Sir Walter Francis Hely-Hutchinson, governor of Natal (1893–1901), governor of Cape Colony (1901–09) *.Sir Henry Edward McCallum, governor of Natal (1901–07) *. Leander Starr Jameson, premier of Cape Colony (1904–08) *.William Waldegrave Palmer, Earl of Selborne, governor of the Orange Free State (1905–07), governor of Transvaal (1906–10) *.Sir Matthew Nathan, governor of Natal (1907–10) *.John Xavier Merriman, premier of Cape Colony (1908–10) *.Paul Sandford, Baron Methuen of Corsham, governor of Natal (1910) *. Herbert John Gladstone, Viscount Gladstone, governor-general of South Africa (1910–14) *. Louis Botha, prime minister of South Africa (1910–19) *.Sydney Charles Buxton, Viscount Buxton, governor-general of South Africa (1914–20) *. Jan Christian Smuts, prime minister of South Africa (1919–24, 1939–48 *.Arthur Frederick Patrick Albert, Duke of Connaught, governor-general of South Africa (1920–24) *.Alexander, Earl of Athlone, governor-general of South Africa (1924–31) *. James Hertzog, prime minister of South Africa (1924–39) *.George Herbert Hyde Villiers, Earl of Clarendon, governor-general of South Africa (1931–37) *.Sir Patrick Duncan, governor-general of South Africa (1937–43) *.Nicolaas Jacobus de Wet, acting governor-general of South Africa (1943–46) *.Gideon Brand van Zyl, governor-general of South Africa (1946–51) *. Daniel F. Malan, prime minister of South Africa, (1948–54) *.Ernest George Jansen, governor-general of South Africa (1951–59) *.Johannes G. Strijdom, prime minister of South Africa (1954–58) *.Charles Robberts Swart, governor-general of South Africa (1959–61), president of South Africa (1961–67) *. Hendrik F. Verwoerd, prime minister of South Africa (1958–66) *.Jozua François Naudé, acting president of South Africa (1967–68) *.Jacobus Johannes Fouché, president of South Africa (1968–75) *.Nicolaas J. Diederichs, president of South Africa (1975–78) *.Marais Viljoen, president of South Africa (1978, 1979–84) *. B. J. Vorster, prime minister of South Africa (1966–78), governor-general of South Africa (1978–79) *. Pieter Willem Botha, prime minister of South Africa (1978–84), governor-general of South Africa (1984–89) *.J. Christian Heunis, acting president of South Africa (1989) *. Frederik Willem de Klerk, South African president (1989–94) *. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, South African president (1994–1999) *. Thabo Mbeki, South African president (1999–)

Africa: Rulers Congo: Rulers *.Theophile Theodore Joseph Antoine Baron Wahis, governor-general of the Belgian Congo (1900–12) *.Felix Alexandre Fuch, governor-general of the Belgian Congo (1912–16) *.Eugene Joseph Marie Henry, governor-general of the Belgian Congo (1916–21) *.Maurice Eugene Auguste Lippens, governor-general of the Belgian Congo (1921–23) *.Martin Joseph Marie René Rutten, governor-general of the Belgian Congo (1923–27) *.Auguste Constant Tilkens, governor-general of the Belgian Congo (1927–34) *.Pierre Marie Joseph Ryckmans, governor-general of the Belgian Congo (1934–46) *.Eugène Jacques Pierre Louis Jungers, governor-general of the Belgian Congo (1946–51) *.Léon Antoine Marie Petillon, governor-general of the Belgian Congo (1951–58) *.Henri Arthur Adolf Marie Christopher Cornelis, governor-general of the Belgian Congo (1958–60) *. Patrice Emergy Lumumba, prime minister of the Republic of the Congo (1960) *. Moise Tshombe, president of Katanga (1960–61), prime minister of the Republic of the Congo (1964–65) *. Joseph Kasavubu, president of the Republic of the Congo (1960–65) *. Mobutu Sese Seko, president of Zaïre (1965–97) *. Laurent Kabila, president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1997–2001) *. Joseph Kabila, son of Laurent, president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2001–) Morocco: Rulers *. Yakub I, ruler of Morocco (1184–99) and Moorish Spain. *. Ismail, sultan of Morocco (1672–1727) *. Abd ar-Rahman, sultan of Morocco (1822–59) *. Hassan, sultan of Morocco (1873–94) *. Abd al-Aziz IV, sultan of Morocco (1894–1908) *. Abd al-Hafiz, sultan of Morocco (1908–12) *.Yusuf, sultan of Morocco (1912–27) *. Muhammad V, sultan of Morocco (1927–53, 1955–57), king of Morocco (1957–61) *.Muhammad VI, sultan of Morocco (1953–55) *.Council of Throne Guardians (1955) *. Hassan II, king of Morocco (1961–1999) *.Muhammad VI, king of Morocco (1999–) South Africa: Rulers *. Sir John Henry Brand, South African politician, president of the Orange Free State (1864–71) *. Stephanus Johannes Paulus Krüger, president of Transvaal (1883–1902) *. Martinus Theunis Steyn, last president (1896–1900) of the Orange Free State *.Hamilton John Goold-Adams, governor of the Orange Free State (1901–02, 1907–10) *. Sir Alfred Milner, governor of Cape Colony (1897–1901), governor of Orange River Colony, Orange Free State (1902–05), governor of Transvaal (1902) *.Sir John Gordon Sprigg, premier of Cape Colony (1900–04) *.Sir Walter Francis Hely-Hutchinson, governor of Natal (1893–1901), governor of Cape Colony (1901–09) *.Sir Henry Edward McCallum, governor of Natal (1901–07) *. Leander Starr Jameson, premier of Cape Colony (1904–08) *.William Waldegrave Palmer, Earl of Selborne, governor of the Orange Free State (1905–07), governor of Transvaal (1906–10) *.Sir Matthew Nathan, governor of Natal (1907–10) *.John Xavier Merriman, premier of Cape Colony (1908–10) *.Paul Sandford, Baron Methuen of Corsham, governor of Natal (1910) *. Herbert John Gladstone, Viscount Gladstone, governor-general of South Africa (1910–14) *. Louis Botha, prime minister of South Africa (1910–19) *.Sydney Charles Buxton, Viscount Buxton, governor-general of South Africa (1914–20) *. Jan Christian Smuts, prime minister of South Africa (1919–24, 1939–48 *.Arthur Frederick Patrick Albert, Duke of Connaught, governor-general of South Africa (1920–24) *.Alexander, Earl of Athlone, governor-general of South Africa (1924–31) *. James Hertzog, prime minister of South Africa (1924–39) *.George Herbert Hyde Villiers, Earl of Clarendon, governor-general of South Africa (1931–37) *.Sir Patrick Duncan, governor-general of South Africa (1937–43) *.Nicolaas Jacobus de Wet, acting governor-general of South Africa (1943–46) *.Gideon Brand van Zyl, governor-general of South Africa (1946–51) *. Daniel F. Malan, prime minister of South Africa, (1948–54) *.Ernest George Jansen, governor-general of South Africa (1951–59) *.Johannes G. Strijdom, prime minister of South Africa (1954–58) *.Charles Robberts Swart, governor-general of South Africa (1959–61), president of South Africa (1961–67) *. Hendrik F. Verwoerd, prime minister of South Africa (1958–66) *.Jozua François Naudé, acting president of South Africa (1967–68) *.Jacobus Johannes Fouché, president of South Africa (1968–75) *.Nicolaas J. Diederichs, president of South Africa (1975–78) *.Marais Viljoen, president of South Africa (1978, 1979–84) *. B. J. Vorster, prime minister of South Africa (1966–78), governor-general of South Africa (1978–79) *. Pieter Willem Botha, prime minister of South Africa (1978–84), governor-general of South Africa (1984–89) *.J. Christian Heunis, acting president of South Africa (1989) *. Frederik Willem de Klerk, South African president (1989–94) *. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, South African president (1994–1999) *. Thabo Mbeki, South African president (1999–)

Holy Roman Empire: Emperors *. Charlemagne(Charles I), emperor of the West (800–814), Carolingian king of the Franks (768–814) *. Charles II, emperor of the West (875–77) and king of the West Franks (843–77) *. Otto I, Holy Roman emperor (962–73) and German king (936–73) *. Otto II, Holy Roman emperor (973–83) and German king (961–83) *. Otto III, Holy Roman emperor (996–1002) and German king (983–1002) *. Henry II, Holy Roman emperor (1014–24) and German king (1002–24), last of the Saxon line *. Conrad II, Holy Roman emperor (1027–39) and German king (1024–39), first of the Salian dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire *. Henry III, Holy Roman emperor (1046–56) and German king (1039–56) *. Henry IV, Holy Roman emperor (1084–1105) and German king (1056–1105) *. Henry V, Holy Roman emperor (1111–25) and German king (1105–25) *. Lothair II, also called Lothair III, Holy Roman emperor (1133–37) and German king (1125–37) *. Frederick I, Holy Roman emperor (1155–90) and German king (1152–90) *. Henry VI, Holy Roman emperor (1191–97) and German king (1190–97) *. Constance, Holy Roman empress, wife of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI *. Otto IV, Holy Roman emperor (1209–15) and German king (1208–15) *. Frederick II, Holy Roman emperor (1220–50) and German king (1212–20), king of Sicily (1197–1250), and king of Jerusalem (1229–50) *. Henry VII, Holy Roman emperor (1312–13) and German king (1308–13) *. Louis IV, Holy Roman emperor (1328–47) and German king (1314–47), duke of Upper Bavaria *. Charles IV, Holy Roman emperor (1355–78), German king (1347–78), and king of Bohemia (1346–78) *. Wenceslaus, Holy Roman emperor (uncrowned) and German king (1378–1400), king of Bohemia (1378–1419) as Wenceslaus IV, elector of Brandenburg (1373–76) *. Sigismund, Holy Roman emperor (1433–37), German king (1410–37), king of Hungary (1387–1437) and of Bohemia (1419–37), elector of Brandenburg (1376–1415) *. Frederick III, Holy Roman emperor (1452–93) and German king (1440–93) *. Maximilian I, Holy Roman emperor and German king (1493–1519) *. Charles V, Holy Roman emperor (1519–58) and, as Charles I, king of Spain (1516–56) *. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman emperor (1558–64), king of Bohemia (1526–64) and of Hungary (1526–64) *. Maximilian II, Holy Roman emperor (1564–76), king of Bohemia (1562–76) and of Hungary (1563–76) *. Rudolf II, Holy Roman emperor (1576–1612), king of Bohemia (1575–1611) and of Hungary (1572–1608) *. Matthias, Holy Roman emperor (1612–19), king of Bohemia (1611–17) and of Hungary (1608–18) *. Ferdinand II, Holy Roman emperor (1619–37), king of Bohemia (1617–37) and of Hungary (1618–37) *. Ferdinand III, Holy Roman emperor (1637–57), king of Hungary (1626–57) and of Bohemia (1627–57) *. Leopold I, Holy Roman emperor (1658–1705), king of Bohemia (1656–1705) and of Hungary (1655–1705) *. Joseph I, Holy Roman emperor (1705–11), king of Hungary (1687–1711) and of Bohemia (1705–11) *. Charles VI, Holy Roman emperor (1711–40), king of Bohemia (1711–40) and, as Charles III, king of Hungary (1712–40) *. Charles VII, Holy Roman emperor (1742–45) and, as Charles Albert, elector of Bavaria (1726–45) *. Francis I, Holy Roman emperor (1745–65), duke of Lorraine (1729–37) as Francis Stephen, grand duke of Tuscany (1737–65) *. Joseph II, Holy Roman emperor (1765–90), king of Bohemia and Hungary (1780–90) *. Leopold II, Holy Roman emperor (1790–92), king of Bohemia and Hungary (1790–92), as Leopold I grand duke of Tuscany (1765–90) *. Francis II, last Holy Roman emperor (1792–1806), first emperor of Austria as Francis I (1804–35), king of Bohemia and of Hungary (1792–1835)

Byzantium: Emperors *. Leo I, Byzantine or East Roman emperor (457–74) *. Justin I, Byzantine emperor (518–27) *. Justinian I, Byzantine emperor (527–65) *. Theodora, Byzantine empress (527–48) *. Justin II, Byzantine emperor (565–78) *. Maurice, Byzantine emperor (582–602) *. Heraclius, Byzantine emperor (610–41) *. Constans II, Byzantine emperor (641–68) *. Constantine IV, Byzantine emperor (668–85) *. Justinian II, Byzantine emperor (685–95, 705–11) *. Leo III, Byzantine emperor (717–41) *. Constantine V, Byzantine emperor (741–75) *. Leo IV, Byzantine emperor (775–80) *. Constantine VI, Byzantine emperor (780–97) *. Irene, Byzantine empress (797–802) *. Nicephorus I, Byzantine emperor (802–11) *. Michael I, Byzantine emperor (811–13) *. Leo V, Byzantine emperor (813–20) *. Michael II, Byzantine emperor (820–29) *. Michael III, Byzantine emperor (842–67) *. Basil I, Byzantine emperor (867–86) *. Leo VI, Byzantine emperor (886–912) *. Constantine VII, Byzantine emperor (913–59) *. Romanus I, Byzantine emperor (usurper) (920–44) *. Romanus II, Byzantine emperor (959–63) *. Nicephorus II (Nicephorus Phocas), Byzantine emperor (963–69) *. John I (John Tzimisces), Byzantine emperor (969–76) *. Basil II, Byzantine emperor (976–1025) *. Romanus III (Romanus Argyrus), Byzantine emperor (1028–34) *. Zoë, Byzantine empress (1028–50) *. Comnenus, family name of several Byzantine emperors in the 11th and 12th centuries *. Isaac I (Isaac Comnenus), Byzantine emperor (1057–59), first of the Comneni dynasty *. Romanus IV (Romanus Diogenes), Byzantine emperor (1068–71) *. Alexius I (Alexius Comnenus), Byzantine emperor (1081–1118) *. John II (John Comnenus), Byzantine emperor (1118–43) *. Manuel I (Manuel Comnenus), Byzantine emperor (1143–80) *. Alexius II, Byzantine emperor (1180–83) *. Andronicus I (Andronicus Comnenus), Byzantine emperor (1183–85) *. Isaac II (Isaac Angelus), Byzantine emperor (1185–95, 1203–04) *. Alexius III (Alexius Angelus), Byzantine emperor (1195–1203) *. Alexius IV, Byzantine emperor (1203–04) *. Alexius V (Alexius Ducas Mourtzouphlos), Byzantine emperor (1204) *. Baldwin I, first Latin emperor of Constantinople (1204–05) *. Theodore I, Byzantine emperor of Nicaea (1204–22) *. Robert of Courtenay, Latin emperor of Constantinople (1218–28) *. John III (John Ducas Vatatzes), Byzantine emperor of Nicaea (1222–54) *. Theodore II, Byzantine emperor of Nicaea (1254–58) *. Baldwin II, last Latin emperor of Constantinople (1228–61) *. John IV (John Lascaris), Byzantine emperor of Nicaea (1258–61) *. Michael VIII, Byzantine emperor (1261–82), first of the Palaeologusdynasty *. Andronicus II (Andronicus Palaeologus), Byzantine emperor (1282–1328) *. Andronicus III, Byzantine emperor (1328–41) *. John V (John Palaeologus), Byzantine emperor (1341–91) *. John VI (John Cantacuzene), Byzantine emperor (1347–54) *. John VII (John Palaeologus), Byzantine emperor (1390, 1399–1402) *. Manuel II, Byzantine emperor (1391–1425) *. John VIII, Byzantine emperor (1425–48) *. Constantine XI, last Byzantine emperor (1449–53)

Roman Republic and Roman Empire: Rulers Roman Republic *. Cato the Elder,statesman (234–149B.C.) *. Gracchi, (Tiberius Sempronius Graccus [d. 133B.C.] and Caius Sempronius Gracchus [d. 121B.C.], statesmen and social reformers *. Caius Marius, general and consul (157–86B.C.) *. Lucius Cornelius Sulla, general and consul (138–78B.C.) *. Pompey, general and member of First Triumvirate with Julius Caesar and Crassus (106–48B.C.) *. Marcus Licinius Crassus, member of First Triumvirate with Caesar and Pompey (d. 53B.C.) *. Cato the Younger, statesman (95–46B.C.) *. Julius Caesar, general and statesman (100?–44B.C.) *. Marc Antony, politician and soldier, member of Second Triumvirate with Lepidus and Octavian (Augustus) (83–30B.C.) *. Lepidus, member of Second Triumvirate with Marc Antony and Octavian (d. 13B.C.) Roman Empire *. Augustus, (Octavian) first emperor, grandnephew of Julius Caesar, (27B.C.–A.D.14) *. Tiberius, stepson of Augustus, (14–37) *. Caligula, grandnephew of Tiberius (37–41) *. Claudius, uncle of Caligula (41–54) *. Nero, stepson of Claudius (54–68) *. Galba, proclaimed emperor by his soldiers (68–69) *. Otho, military commander (69) *. Vitellius, military commander (69) *. Vespasian, military commander (69–79) *. Titus, son of Vespasian (79–81) *. Domitian, son of Vespasian (81–96) *. Nerva, elected interim ruler (96-98) *. Trajan, adopted son of Nerva (98–117) *. Hadrian, ward of Trajan (117–138) *. Antoninus Pius, adopted by Hadrian (138–161) *. Marcus Aurelius, adopted by Antoninus Pius (161–180) *.Lucius Verus, adopted by Antoninus Pius; ruled jointly with Marcus Aurelius (161–169) *. Commodus, son of Marcus Aurelius (180–192) *. Pertinax, proclaimed emperor by the Praetorian Guard (193) *. Didius Julianus, bought office from the Praetorian Guard (193) *. Severus, proclaimed emperor (193–211) *. Caracalla, son of Severus (211–217) *.Geta, son of Severus, ruled jointly with Caracalla (211–212) *. Macrinus, proclaimed emperor by his soldiers (217–18) *. Heliogabalus, cousin of Caracalla (218–222) *. Alexander Severus, cousin of Heliogabalus (222–235) *. Maximin, proclaimed emperor by soldiers, (235–238) *. Gordian I, made emperor by the senate (238) *. Gordian II, son of Gordian I, ruled jointly with his father (238) *.Balbinus, elected joint emperor by the senate (238) *.Pupienus Maximus, elected joint emperor with Balbinus by the senate (238) *. Gordian III, son of Gordian II (238–244) *. Philip (the Arabian), assassin of Gordian III (244–249) *. Decius, proclaimed emperor by the soldiers (249–2251) *.Hostilianus, son of Decius, colleague of Gallus (251) *. Gallus, military commander (251–253) *.Aemilianus, military commander (253) *. Valerian, military commander (253–260) *. Gallienus, son of Valerian, coemperor with his father and later sole emperor (253–268) *. Claudius II, military commander (268–270) *. Aurelian, chosen by Claudius II as successor (270–275) *. Tacitus, chosen by the senate (275–276) *.Florianus, half brother of Tacitus (276) *. Probus, military commander (276–282) *. Carus, proclaimed by the Praetorian Guard (282–283) *. Carinus, son of Carus (283–285) *.Numerianus, son of Carus, joint emperor with Carinus (283–284) *. Diocletian, military commander, divided the empire; ruled jointly with Maximian and Constantius I 284–305) *. Maximian, appointed joint emperor by Diocletian (286–305) *. Constantius I, joint emperor and successor of Diocletian (305–306) *. Galerius, joint emperor with Constantius I (305–310) *. Maximin, nephew of Galerius (308–313) *. Licinius, appointed emperor in the West by Galerius; later emperor in the East (308–324) *. Maxentius, son of Maximian (306–312) *. Constantine I (the Great), son of Constantius I (306–337) *. Constantine II, son of Constantine I (337–340) *. Constans, son of Constantine I (337–350) *. Constantius II, son of Constantine I (337–361) *.Magnentius, usurped Constans' throne, (350–353) *. Julian (the Apostate), nephew of Constantine I (361–363) *. Jovian, elected by the army (363–364) *. Valentinian I, proclaimed by the army; ruled in the West (364–375) *. Valens, brother of Valentinian I; ruled in the East (364–378) *. Gratian, son of Valentinian I; coruler in the West with Valentinian II (375–383) *. Maximus, usurper in the West (383–388) *. Valentinian II, son of Valentinian I, ruler of the West (375–392) *.Eugenius, usurper in the West (393–394) *. Theodosius I (the Great), appointed ruler of the East (379–395) by Gratian; last ruler of united empire (394–395) Emperors in the East *. Arcadius, son of Theodosius I (395–408) *. Theodosius II, son of Arcadius, (408–450) *. Marcian, brother-in-law of Theodosius II (450–457) *. Leo I, chosen by the senate (457–474) *.Leo II, grandson of Leo I (474) *. Zeno(474–475) *. Basilicus(475–476) Emperors in the West *. Honorius, son of Theodosius (395–423) *.Maximus, usurper in Spain (409–411) *. Constantius III, named joint emperor by Honorius (421)