1970 – 1979 World History Richard Nixon (1913–1994) The Library of Congress Picture Collection Mao Zedong (1893–1976) Agence France Press/Archive Photos Ingmar Bergman (1918–2007) Archive Photos Lyndon B. Johnson (1908–1973) The Library of Congress Picture Collection Duke Ellington (1899–1974) Archive Photos Anwar Sadat (1918–1981) Archive Photos Pope John Paul II (1920–2005) Archive Photos Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (1900–1989) Permanent Mission of Islamic Republic of Iran to the UN Tennessee Williams (1911–1983) Archive Photos 1970 Biafra surrenders after 32-month fight for independence from Nigeria(Jan. 15).Rhodesia severs last tie with British crown and declares itself a racially segregated republic(March 1).U.S. troops invade Cambodia(May 1).Four students at Kent State University in Ohio slain by National Guardsmen at demonstration protesting incursion into Cambodia(May 4).Senate repeals Gulf of Tonkin resolution(June 24). 1971 Supreme Court rules unanimously that busing of students may be ordered to achieve racial desegregation(April 20).Anti-war militants attempt to disrupt government business in Washington(May 3)—police and military units arrest as many as 12,000; most are later released. Pentagon Paperspublished(June).Twenty-sixth Amendment to U.S. Constitution lowers voting age to 18. UN seats Communist China and expels Nationalist China(Oct. 25). 1972 President Nixonmakes unprecedented eight-day visit to Communist China and meets with Mao Zedong(Feb. 21–27).Britain takes over direct rule of Northern Irelandin bid for peace(March 24).Gov. George C. Wallaceof Alabama is shot by Arthur H. Bremer at Laurel, Md., political rally(May 15).Five men are apprehended by police in attempt to bug Democratic National Committee headquarters in Washington, D.C.'s Watergatecomplex—start of the Watergate scandal(June 17).Supreme Court rules that death penalty is unconstitutional(June 29).Eleven Israeli athletes at Olympic Games in Munich are killed after eight members of an Arab terrorist group invade Olympic Village; five guerrillas and one policeman are also killed(Sept. 5).“Christmas bombing” of North Vietnam(Dec. 25). 1973 Great Britain, Ireland, and Denmark enter European Economic Community(Jan. 1).Supreme Court rules on Roe v. Wade(Jan. 22).Vietnam War ends with signing of peace pacts(Jan. 27).Nixon, on national TV, accepts responsibility, but not blame, for Watergate; accepts resignations of advisers H. R. Haldeman and John D. Ehrlichman, fires John W. Dean III as counsel(April 30).Greek military junta abolishes monarchy and proclaims republic(June 1).U.S. bombing of Cambodiaends, marking official halt to 12 years of combat activity in Southeast Asia(Aug. 15).Chile's Marxist president, Salvadore Allende, is overthrown(Sept. 11).Fourth and biggest Arab-Israeliconflict begins as Egyptian and Syrian forces attack Israel as Jews mark Yom Kippur, holiest day in their calendar(Oct. 6). Spiro T. Agnewresigns as vice president and then, in federal court in Baltimore, pleads no contest to charges of evasion of income taxes on $29,500 he received in 1967, while governor of Maryland. He is fined $10,000 and put on three years' probation(Oct. 10).In the “Saturday Night Massacre,” Nixon fires special Watergate prosecutor Archibald Cox and Deputy Attorney General William D. Ruckelshaus; Attorney General Elliot L. Richardson resigns(Oct. 20).Egypt and Israel sign U.S.-sponsored cease-fire accord(Nov. 11). Duke Ellington's autobiography,Music Is My Mistress,is published. 1974 Patricia Hearst, 19-year-old daughter of publisher Randolph Hearst, kidnapped by Symbionese Liberation Army(Feb. 5).House Judiciary Committee adopts three articles of impeachment charging President Nixon with obstruction of justice, failure to uphold laws, and refusal to produce material subpoenaed by the committee(July 30).Richard M. Nixon announces he will resign the next day, the first president to do so(Aug. 8).Vice President Gerald R. Fordof Michigan is sworn in as 38th president of the U.S.(Aug. 9).Ford grants “full, free, and absolute pardon” to ex-president Nixon(Sept. 8). 1975 John N. Mitchell, H. R. Haldeman, John D. Ehrlichman found guilty of Watergatecover-up(Jan. 1);sentenced to 30 months to 8 years in jail(Feb. 21).Pol Pot and Khmer Rougetake over Cambodia(April).American merchant shipMayaguez,seized by Cambodian forces, is rescued in operation by U.S. Navy and Marines, 38 of whom are killed(May 15).ApolloandSoyuzspacecraft take off for U.S.-Soviet link-up in space(July 15). President Fordescapes assassination attempt in Sacramento, Calif.(Sept. 5).President Ford escapes second assassination attempt in 17 days(Sept. 22). 1976 Supreme Court rules that blacks and other minorities are entitled to retroactive job seniority(March 24).Ford signs Federal Election Campaign Act(May 11).

1960 – 1969 World History Robert Frost (1874–1963) Archive Photos John H. Glenn, Jr. (1921– ) The Library of Congress Picture Collection William Faulkner (1897–1962) Archive Photos Malcolm X (1925–1965) Archive Photos John F. Kennedy (1917–1963) John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library, Boston James H. Meredith (1933–) The Library of Congress Picture Collection Betty Friedan (1921–2006) The Library of Congress Picture Collection The Beatles Archive Photos Thurgood Marshall (1908–1993) U.S. Supreme Court 1960 American U-2 spy plane, piloted by Francis Gary Powers, shot down over Russia(May 1).Khrushchev kills Paris summit conference because of U-2(May 16).Top Nazi murderer of Jews, Adolf Eichmann, captured by Israelis in Argentina(May 23)—executed in Israel in1962.Powers sentenced to prison for 10 years(Aug. 19)—freed inFebruary 1962in exchange for Soviet spy. Communist China and Soviet Union split in conflict over Communist ideology. Senegal, Ghana, Nigeria, Madagascar, and Zaire(Belgian Congo) gain independence. Cuba begins confiscation of $770 million of U.S. property(Aug. 7).There are 900 U.S. military advisers in South Vietnam. 1961 U.S. breaks diplomatic relations with Cuba(Jan. 3). Robert Frostrecites “The Gift Outright” at John F. Kennedy's inauguration as president of U.S.(Jan. 20).Moscow announces putting first man in orbit around Earth, Maj. Yuri A. Gagarin(April 12).Cuba invaded at Bay of Pigsby an estimated 1,200 anti-Castro exiles aided by U.S.; invasion crushed(April 17).First U.S. spaceman, Navy Cmdr. Alan B. Shepard, Jr., rockets 116.5 miles up in 302-mile trip(May 5).Virgil Grissom becomes second American astronaut, making 118-mile-high, 303-mile-long rocket flightover Atlantic(July 21).Gherman Stepanovich Titov is launched in Soviet spaceshipVostok II:makes 171/2 orbits in 25 hours, covering 434,960 miles before landing safely(Aug. 6).East Germans erect Berlin Wall between East and West Berlin to halt flood of refugees(Aug. 13).USSR fires 50-megaton hydrogen bomb, biggest explosion in history(Oct. 29).There are 2,000 U.S. military advisers in South Vietnam. 1962 Lt. Col. John H. Glenn, Jr., is first American to orbit Earth—three times in 4 hr 55 min(Feb. 20).France transfers sovereignty to new republic of Algeria(July 3). Cuban missile crisis> USSR to build missile bases in Cuba; Kennedy orders Cuban blockade, lifts blockade after Russians back down(Aug.–Nov.).James H. Meredith, escorted by federal marshals, registers at University of Mississippi(Oct. 1). Pope John XXIIIopens Second Vatican Council(Oct. 11)—Council holds four sessions, finally closingDec. 8, 1965.Cuba releases 1,113 prisoners of 1961 invasion attempt(Dec. 24).Burundi, Jamaica, Western Samoa, Uganda, and Trinidad and Tobago become independent. William Faulknerwins Pulitzer forThe Reivers. Rachel Carson'sSilent Spring. 1963 France and West Germany sign treaty of cooperation ending four centuries of conflict(Jan. 22).Michael E. De Bakeyimplants artificial heart in human for first time at Houston hospital; plastic device functions and patient lives for four days(April 21).Pope John XXIII dies(June 3)—succeededJune 21by Cardinal Montini, who becomes Paul VI. U.S. Supreme Court rules no locality may require recitation of Lord's Prayer or Bible verses in public schools(June 17).U.K.'s Profumoscandal(June).Civil rights rally held by 200,000 blacks and whites in Washington, D.C.; Martin Luther Kingdelivers “I have a dream” speech(Aug. 28).Washington-to-Moscow “hot line” communications link opens, designed to reduce risk of accidental war(Aug. 30).President Kennedyshot and killed by sniper in Dallas, Tex. Lyndon B. Johnsonbecomes president same day(Nov. 22). Lee Harvey Oswald, accused assassinof President Kennedy, is shot and killed by Jack Ruby, Dallas nightclub owner(Nov. 24).Kenya achieves independence. Betty FriedanpublishesThe Feminine Mystique.There are 15,000 U.S. military advisers in South Vietnam. 1964 U.S. Supreme Court rules that congressional districts should be roughly equal in population(Feb. 17).Jack Ruby convicted of murder in slaying of Lee Harvey Oswald; sentenced to death by Dallas jury(March 14)—conviction reversedOct. 5, 1966;Ruby diesJan. 3, 1967,before second trial can be held. Three civil rights workers—Schwerner, Goodman, and Cheney—murdered in Mississippi(June).Twenty-one arrests result in trial and conviction of seven by federal jury. Nelson Mandelasentenced to life imprisonment(June 11).Congress approves Gulf of Tonkin resolution(Aug. 7).President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy issues Warren Reportconcluding that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone. The Beatlesappear onThe Ed Sullivan Show. 1965 Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and more than 2,600 other blacks arrested in Selma, Ala., during three-day demonstrations against voter-registration rules(Feb. 1). Malcolm X, black-nationalist leader, shot to death at Harlem rally in New York City(Feb. 21).

1950 – 1959 World History Atomic Bomb National Archives and Records Admin. Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890–1969) National Archives and Records Admin. Dag Hammarskjöld (1905–1961) United Nations Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929–1968) N.A.R.A Fidel Castro (1926– ) United Nations 1950 Brink's robbery in Boston; almost $3 million stolen(Jan. 17). Trumanorders development of hydrogen bomb(Jan. 31).Robert Schuman proposes Schuman Plan to pool European coal and steel(May 9). Korean Warbegins when North Korean Communist forces invade South Korea(June 25).(For detailed chronology, see Korean War.) Assassination attempt on President Truman by Puerto Rican nationalists(Nov. 1). McCarthyismbegins. 1951 Julius and Ethel Rosenbergsentenced to death for passing atomic secrets to Russians(March).Spurred by Schuman Plan, six nations form European Coal and Steel Community(April);effective 1952. Japanese peace treaty signed in San Francisco by 49 nations(Sept. 8).Color television introduced in U.S. Libyagains independence(Dec. 24). 1952 George VI dies; his daughter becomes Elizabeth II(Feb. 6). AECannounces “satisfactory” experiments in hydrogen-weapons research; eyewitnesses tell of blasts near Enewetak(Nov.). Ralph Ellison'sThe Invisible Man. 1953 Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhowerinaugurated president of United States(Jan. 20). Stalindies(March 5). Malenkovbecomes Soviet premier; Beria, minister of interior; Molotov, foreign minister(March 6). Dag Hammarskjöldbegins term as UN secretary-general(April 10).James Watsonand Francis Crickpublish their discovery of the molecular model of DNA(April–May).Edmund Hillaryof New Zealand and Tenzing Norgay of Nepal reach top of Mt. Everest(May 29).East Berliners rise against Communist rule; quelled by tanks(June 17). Egyptbecomes republic ruled by military junta(June 18).Julius and Ethel Rosenbergexecuted in Sing Sing prison(June 19).Korean armistice signed(July 27).Moscow announces explosion of hydrogen bomb(Aug. 20). Titobecomes president of Yugoslavia. James Watson, Francis Crick, and Rosalind Franklin discover structure of DNA. Ernest Hemingwaywins Pulitzer forThe Old Man and the Sea. 1954 First atomic submarineNautiluslaunched(Jan. 21).Five U.S. congressmen shot on floor of House as Puerto Rican nationalists fire from spectators' gallery; all five recover(March 1).Soviet Union grants sovereignty to East Germany(March 23). Army v. McCarthyinquiry—Senate subcommittee report blames both sides(April 22–June 17). Dien Bien Phu, French military outpost in Vietnam, falls to Vietminh army(May 7).(For detailed chronology, see Vietnam War.) U.S. Supreme Court (in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka) unanimously bans racial segregation in public schools(May 17).Eisenhower launches world atomic pool without Soviet Union(Sept. 6).Eight-nation Southeast Asia defense treaty ( SEATO) signed at Manila(Sept. 8).Dr. Jonas Salkstarts inoculating children against polio. Algerian War of Independence against France begins(Nov.);France struggles to maintain colonial rule until 1962 when it agrees to Algeria's independence. William Faulkner'sA Fablewins Pulitzer. 1955 Nikolai A. Bulganinbecomes Soviet premier, replacing Malenkov(Feb. 8). Churchillresigns; Anthony Edensucceeds him(April 6).West Germany becomes a sovereign state(May 5).Western European Union (WEU) comes into being(May 6). Warsaw Pact, east European mutual defense agreement, signed(May 14). Argentinaousts Perón(Sept. 19).President Eisenhower suffers coronary thrombosis in Denver(Sept. 24). Rosa Parksrefuses to sit at the back of the bus. Martin Luther King, Jr., leads black boycott of Montgomery, Ala., bus system(Dec. 1);desegregated service beginsDec. 21, 1956.AFL and CIO become one organization— AFL-CIO(Dec. 5). Tennessee Williams'sCat on a Hot Tin Roofwins Pulitzer. 1956 Nikita Khrushchev, First Secretary of USSR Communist Party, denounces Stalin's excesses(Feb. 24).First aerial H-bomb tested over Namu islet, Bikini Atoll> 10 million tons TNT equivalent(May 21).Workers' uprising against Communist rule in Poznan, Poland, is crushed(June 28–30);rebellion inspires Hungarian students to stage a protest against Communism in Budapest(Oct. 23).Egypt takes control of Suez Canal(July 26).Hungarian rebellion forces Soviet troops to withdraw from Budapest(Oct.).Israel launches attack on Egypt's Sinai peninsula and drives toward Suez Canal(Oct. 29).Imre Nagy announces Hungary's withdrawal from Warsaw Pact(Nov. 1);Soviet troops enter and reclaim Budapest(Nov. 4).British and French invade Port Said on the Suez Canal(Nov. 5).Cease-fire forced by U.S. pressure stops British, French, and Israeli advance(Nov. 6). Moroccogains independence. Ingmar Bergman'sThe Seventh Seal. Allen Ginsberg'sHowl. 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine calls for aid to Mideast countries which resist armed aggression from Communist-controlled nations(Jan. 5).The “Little Rock Nine” integrate Arkansas high school.

1940 – 1949 World History Winston Churchill (1874–1965) National Archives and Records Admin. Yalta Conference U.S. Army Photos Anne Frank (1929–1945) Archive Photos Harry S. Truman (1884–1972) The Library of Congress Picture Collection Woody Guthrie (1912–1967) Archive Photos 1940 Hitlerinvades Norway, Denmark(April 9),the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg(May 10),and France(May 12). Churchillbecomes Britain's prime minister. Trotsky assassinated in Mexico(Aug. 20).Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania annexed by USSR. U.S. trades 50 destroyers for leases on British bases in Western Hemisphere. Selective ServiceAct signed. The first official network television broadcast is put out by NBC. 1941 Germany attacks the Balkans and Russia. Japanese surprise attack on U.S. fleet at Pearl Harborbrings U.S. into World War II; U.S. and Britain declare war on Japan. Manhattan Project(atomic bomb research) begins. Roosevelt enunciates “four freedoms,”signs Lend-LeaseAct, declares national emergency, promises aid to USSR. Orson Welles'sCitizen Kane. 1942 Declaration of United Nationssigned in Washington(Jan. 1). Nazileaders attend Wannsee Conference to coordinate the “final solution to the Jewish question,” the systematic genocide of Jews known as the Holocaust. (For detailed chronology of the Holocaust,see The Holocaust.) Women's military services established. Enrico Fermiachieves nuclear chain reaction. More than 120,000 Japanese and persons of Japanese ancestry living in western U.S. moved to “relocation centers,” some for the duration of the war (Executive Order 9066). Coconut Grove nightclub fire in Boston kills 492(Nov. 28). 1943 Churchill and Roosevelt hold Casablanca Conference(Jan. 14–23). Mussolinideposed. President freezes prices, salaries, and wages to prevent inflation. Income tax withholding introduced. 1944 Allies invade Normandy on D-Day(June 6).G.I. Bill of Rights enacted. Bretton Woods Conferencecreates International Monetary Fundand World Bank(July 1–22).Dumbarton Oaks Conference—U.S., British Commonwealth, and USSR propose establishment of United Nations(Aug. 21–Oct. 7). Battle of the Bulge(Dec. 16). Woody Guthrierecords “This Land is Your Land.” Gunnar Myrdal'sAn American Dilemma. 1945 Yalta Conference(Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin) plans final defeat of Germany(Feb. 4–11). FDRdies(April 12). Hitlercommits suicide(April 30);Germany surrenders(May 7);May 8is declared V-E Day. Potsdam Conference (Truman, Churchill, Stalin) establishes basis of German reconstruction(July–Aug.).U.S. drops atomic bombson Japanese cities of Hiroshima(Aug. 6)and Nagasaki(Aug. 9).Japan signs official surrender on V-J Day(Sept. 2).United Nations established(Oct. 24).First electronic computer, ENIAC, built. 1946 First meeting of UNGeneral Assembly opens in London(Jan. 10).Winston Churchill's “Iron Curtain” speech warns of Soviet expansion(March 5).League of Nations dissolved(April).Italy abolishes monarchy(June).Verdict in Nuremberg war trial: 12 Nazileaders (including 1 tried in absentia) sentenced to hang; 7 imprisoned; 3 acquitted(Oct. 1). Goeringcommits suicide a few hours before 10 other Nazis are executed(Oct. 15). Juan Perónbecomes president of Argentina. Benjamin Spock's childcare classic published. 1947 Britain nationalizescoal mines(Jan. 1).Peace treaties for Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Finland signed in Paris(Feb. 10).Soviet Union rejects U.S. plan for UN atomic-energy control(March 4). Trumanproposes Truman Doctrine, which was to aid Greece and Turkey in resisting communist expansion(March 12). Marshall Planfor European recovery proposed—a coordinated program to help European nations recover from ravages of war(June).(By the time it ended in 1951, this “European Recovery Program” had cost $13 billion.) Indiaand Pakistangain independence from Britain(Aug. 15).U.S. Air Force pilot Chuck Yeagerbecomes first person to break the sound barrier(Oct. 14). Jackie Robinsonjoins the Brooklyn Dodgers. Anne Frank'sThe Diary of a Young Girlpublished. 1948 Gandhiassassinated in New Delhi by Hindu fanatic(Jan. 30). Burma(Jan. 4)and Ceylon(Feb. 4)granted independence by Britain. Communists seize power in Czechoslovakia(Feb. 23–25). Organization of American States(OAS) Charter signed at Bogotá, Colombia(April 30).Nation of Israelproclaimed; British end mandate at midnight; Arab armies attack(May 14). Berlin blockadebegins(June 24),prompting Allied airlift(June 26).(Blockade endsMay 12, 1949;airlift continues untilSept. 30, 1949.) Stalinand Titobreak(June 28).Independent Republic of Koreais proclaimed, following election supervised by UN(Aug. 15).Verdict in Japanese war trial: 18 imprisoned(Nov. 12); Tojoand six others hanged(Dec. 23).United States of Indonesiaestablished as Dutch and Indonesians settle conflict(Dec. 27). Alger Hiss, former U.S. State Department official, indicted on perjury charges after denying passing secret documents to communist spy ring;

1930 – 1939 World History Amelia Earhart (1897–1937) The Library of Congress Picture Collection Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882–1945) National Archives and Records Admin. Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) National Archives and Records Admin. Pablo Picasso (1881–1973) Archive Photos 1930 Britain, U.S., Japan, France, and Italy sign naval disarmament treaty. Nazisgain in German elections. Cyclotrondeveloped by Ernest O. Lawrence, U.S. physicist. Pluto discovered by astronomers. 1931 Spain becomes a republic with overthrow of King Alfonso XIII. German industrialists finance 800,000-strong Nazi party. British parliament enacts statute of Westminster, legalizing dominion equality with Britain. Mukden Incidentbegins Japanese occupation of Manchuria. In U.S., Hooverproposes one-year moratorium of war debts. Harold C. Ureydiscovers heavy hydrogen. Gangster Al Caponesentenced to 11 years in prison for tax evasion (freed in1939;dies in 1947). Notorious Scottsboro trialbegins, exposing depth of Southern racism. “The Star Spangled Banner”officially becomes national anthem. 1932 Nazislead in German elections with 230 Reichstagseats. Famine in USSR. In U.S., Congress sets up Reconstruction Finance Corporationto stimulate economy. Veterans march on Washington—most leave after Senate rejects payment of cash bonuses; others removed by troops under Douglas MacArthur. U.S. protests Japanese aggression in Manchuria. Amelia Earhartis first woman to fly Atlantic solo. Charles A. Lindbergh's baby son kidnapped, killed. ( Bruno Richard Hauptmannarrested in1934,convicted in1935,executed in1936.) 1933 Hitlerappointed German chancellor, gets dictatorial powers. Reichstag fire in Berlin; Naziterror begins. Germany and Japan withdraw from League of Nations. Giuseppe Zangara executed for attempted assassinationof president-elect Roosevelt in which Chicago mayor Cermak is fatally shot. Rooseveltinaugurated (“the only thing we have to fear is fear itself”); launches New Deal. Prohibitionrepealed. USSRrecognized by U.S. 1934 Chancellor Dollfussof Austria assassinated by Nazis. Hitlerbecomes führer. USSR admitted to League of Nations. Dionne sisters, first quintuplets to survive beyond infancy, born in Canada. Mao Zedongbegins the Long Marchnorth with 100,000 soldiers. 1935 Saarincorporated into Germany after plebiscite. Nazis repudiate Versailles Treaty, introduce compulsory military service. Mussoliniinvades Ethiopia; League of Nations invokes sanctions. Roosevelt opens second phase of New Dealin U.S., calling for social security, better housing, equitable taxation, and farm assistance. Huey Longassassinated in Louisiana. 1936 Germans occupy Rhineland. Italy annexes Ethiopia. Rome-Berlin Axisproclaimed (Japan to join in 1940). Trotskyexiled to Mexico. King George Vdies; succeeded by son, Edward VIII, who soon abdicates to marry an American-born divorcée, and is succeeded by brother, George VI. Spanish civil warbegins. Hundreds of Americans join the “Lincoln Brigades.” ( Franco's fascist forces defeat Loyalist forces by1939,when Madrid falls.) War between China and Japanbegins, to continue through World War II. Japan and Germany sign anti- Cominternpact; joined by Italy in1937. 1937 Hitlerrepudiates war guilt clause of Versailles Treaty; continues to build German power. Italy withdraws from League of Nations. U.S. gunboatPanaysunk by Japanese in Yangtze River. Japan invades China, conquers most of coastal area. Amelia Earhartlost somewhere in Pacific on round-the-world flight. Picasso'sGuernicamural. 1938 Hitlermarches into Austria; political and geographical union of Germany and Austria proclaimed. Munich Pact> Britain, France, and Italy agree to let Germany partition Czechoslovakia. Douglas “Wrong-Way” Corrigan flies from New York to Dublin. Fair Labor Standards Act establishes minimum wage. Orson Welles's radio broadcastWar of the Worlds. 1939 Germany invades Poland; occupies Bohemia and Moravia; renounces pact with England and concludes 10-year non-aggression pact with USSR. Russo- Finnish Warbegins; Finns to lose one-tenth of territory in 1940peace treaty. World War II begins.(For detailed chronology, see World War II.) In U.S., Rooseveltsubmits $1,319-million defense budget, proclaims U.S. neutrality, and declares limited emergency. Einsteinwrites FDR about feasibility of atomic bomb. New York World's Fair opens. DAR refuses to allow Marian Anderson to perform.Gone with the Windpremieres.