All Nobel Prizes (1941-1945): 1945 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945 Wolfgang Pauli "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1945 Artturi Ilmari Virtanen "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945 Sir Alexander Fleming,Ernst Boris ChainandSir Howard Walter Florey "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1945 Gabriela Mistral "for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world" The Nobel Peace Prize 1945 Cordell Hull 1944 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944 Otto Hahn "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944 Joseph ErlangerandHerbert Spencer Gasser "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 Johannes Vilhelm Jensen "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style" The Nobel Peace Prize 1944 Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross) 1943 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943 Otto Stern "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1943 George de Hevesy "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943 Henrik Carl Peter Dam "for his discovery of vitamin K" Edward Adelbert Doisy "for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1943 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Peace Prize 1943 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1942 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1942 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1942 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1942 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1942 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Peace Prize 1942 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1941 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1941 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1941 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1941 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1941 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Peace Prize 1941 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

All Nobel Prizes (1946-1950): 1950 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1950 Cecil Frank Powell "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950 Otto Paul Hermann DielsandKurt Alder "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950 Edward Calvin Kendall,Tadeus ReichsteinandPhilip Showalter Hench "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1950 Earl (Bertrand Arthur William) Russell "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought" The Nobel Peace Prize 1950 Ralph Bunche 1949 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1949 Hideki Yukawa "for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1949 William Francis Giauque "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949 Walter Rudolf Hess "for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs" Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1949 William Faulkner "for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel" The Nobel Peace Prize 1949 Lord (John) Boyd Orr of Brechin 1948 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1948 Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett "for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1948 Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948 Paul Hermann Müller "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1948 Thomas Stearns Eliot "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry" The Nobel Peace Prize 1948 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1947 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1947 Sir Edward Victor Appleton "for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1947 Sir Robert Robinson "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947 Carl Ferdinand CoriandGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen" Bernardo Alberto Houssay "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1947 André Paul Guillaume Gide "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight" The Nobel Peace Prize 1947 Friends Service Council (The Quakers) American Friends Service Committee (The Quakers) 1946 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1946 Percy Williams Bridgman "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946 James Batcheller Sumner "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized" John Howard NorthropandWendell Meredith Stanley "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946 Hermann Joseph Muller "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1946 Hermann Hesse "for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style" The Nobel Peace Prize 1946 Emily Greene Balch John Raleigh Mott

All Nobel Prizes (1951-1956): 1956 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 William Bradford Shockley,John BardeenandWalter Houser Brattain "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956 Sir Cyril Norman HinshelwoodandNikolay Nikolaevich Semenov "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956 André Frédéric Cournand,Werner ForssmannandDickinson W. Richards "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1956 Juan Ramón Jiménez "for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity" The Nobel Peace Prize 1956 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1955 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1955 Willis Eugene Lamb "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum" Polykarp Kusch "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1955 Vincent du Vigneaud "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1955 Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell "for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1955 Halldór Kiljan Laxness "for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland" The Nobel Peace Prize 1955 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1954 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954 Max Born "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction" Walther Bothe "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954 Linus Carl Pauling "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954 John Franklin Enders,Thomas Huckle WellerandFrederick Chapman Robbins "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954 Ernest Miller Hemingway "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style" The Nobel Peace Prize 1954 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 1953 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953 Frits (Frederik) Zernike "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1953 Hermann Staudinger "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953 Hans Adolf Krebs "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle" Fritz Albert Lipmann "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1953 Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values" The Nobel Peace Prize 1953 George Catlett Marshall 1952 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1952 Felix BlochandEdward Mills Purcell "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952 Archer John Porter MartinandRichard Laurence Millington Synge "for their invention of partition chromatography" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952 Selman Abraham Waksman "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1952 François Mauriac "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life" The Nobel Peace Prize 1952 Albert Schweitzer 1951 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951 Sir John Douglas CockcroftandErnest Thomas Sinton Walton "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951 Edwin Mattison McMillanandGlenn Theodore Seaborg "for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1951 Max Theiler "for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1951 Pär Fabian Lagerkvist "for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind" The Nobel Peace Prize 1951 Léon Jouhaux

All Nobel Prizes (1957-1962): 1962 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1962 Lev Davidovich Landau "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962 Max Ferdinand PerutzandJohn Cowdery Kendrew "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 Francis Harry Compton Crick,James Dewey WatsonandMaurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1962 John Steinbeck "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception" The Nobel Peace Prize 1962 Linus Carl Pauling 1961 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1961 Robert Hofstadter "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons" Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer "for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1961 Melvin Calvin "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1961 Georg von Békésy "for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1961 Ivo Andric "for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country" The Nobel Peace Prize 1961 Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld 1960 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1960 Donald Arthur Glaser "for the invention of the bubble chamber" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1960 Willard Frank Libby "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960 Sir Frank Macfarlane BurnetandPeter Brian Medawar "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1960 Saint-John Perse "for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time" The Nobel Peace Prize 1960 Albert John Lutuli 1959 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959 Emilio Gino SegrèandOwen Chamberlain "for their discovery of the antiproton" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1959 Jaroslav Heyrovsky "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 Severo OchoaandArthur Kornberg "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1959 Salvatore Quasimodo "for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times" The Nobel Peace Prize 1959 Philip J. Noel-Baker 1958 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1958 Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov,Il´ja Mikhailovich FrankandIgor Yevgenyevich Tamm "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958 Frederick Sanger "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958 George Wells BeadleandEdward Lawrie Tatum "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events" Joshua Lederberg "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1958 Boris Leonidovich Pasternak "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition" The Nobel Peace Prize 1958 Georges Pire 1957 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957 Chen Ning YangandTsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1957 Lord (Alexander R.) Todd "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1957 Daniel Bovet "for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1957 Albert Camus "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times" The Nobel Peace Prize 1957 Lester Bowles Pearson

All Nobel Prizes (1963-1966): 1966 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1966 Alfred Kastler "for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1966 Robert S. Mulliken "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966 Peyton Rous "for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses" Charles Brenton Huggins "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1966 Shmuel Yosef Agnon "for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people" Nelly Sachs "for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength" The Nobel Peace Prize 1966 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1965 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965 Sin-Itiro Tomonaga,Julian SchwingerandRichard P. Feynman "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1965 Robert Burns Woodward "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965 François Jacob,André LwoffandJacques Monod "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1965 Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov "for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people" The Nobel Peace Prize 1965 United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) 1964 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1964 Charles Hard Townes,Nicolay Gennadiyevich BasovandAleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964 Konrad BlochandFeodor Lynen "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1964 Jean-Paul Sartre "for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age" The Nobel Peace Prize 1964 Martin Luther King Jr. 1963 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963 Eugene Paul Wigner "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles" Maria Goeppert MayerandJ. Hans D. Jensen "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1963 Karl ZieglerandGiulio Natta "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1963 Sir John Carew Eccles,Alan Lloyd HodgkinandAndrew Fielding Huxley "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1963 Giorgos Seferis "for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture" The Nobel Peace Prize 1963 Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross) Ligue des Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge (League of Red Cross Societies)