All Nobel Prizes (1972-1975): 1975 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1975 Aage Niels Bohr,Ben Roy MottelsonandLeo James Rainwater "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1975 John Warcup Cornforth "for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions" Vladimir Prelog "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975 David Baltimore,Renato DulbeccoandHoward Martin Temin "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1975 Eugenio Montale "for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions" The Nobel Peace Prize 1975 Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1975 Leonid Vitaliyevich KantorovichandTjalling C. Koopmans "for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources" 1974 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1974 Sir Martin RyleandAntony Hewish "for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974 Paul J. Flory "for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974 Albert Claude,Christian de DuveandGeorge E. Palade "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1974 Eyvind Johnson "for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom" Harry Martinson "for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos" The Nobel Peace Prize 1974 Seán MacBride Eisaku Sato The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1974 Gunnar MyrdalandFriedrich August von Hayek "for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena" 1973 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973 Leo EsakiandIvar Giaever "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively" Brian David Josephson "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1973 Ernst Otto FischerandGeoffrey Wilkinson "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973 Karl von Frisch,Konrad LorenzandNikolaas Tinbergen "for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1973 Patrick White "for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature" The Nobel Peace Prize 1973 Henry A. Kissinger Le Duc Tho The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1973 Wassily Leontief "for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems" 1972 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 John Bardeen,Leon Neil CooperandJohn Robert Schrieffer "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972 Christian B. Anfinsen "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation" Stanford MooreandWilliam H. Stein "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972 Gerald M. EdelmanandRodney R. Porter "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1972 Heinrich Böll "for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature" The Nobel Peace Prize 1972 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money for 1972 was allocated to the Main Fund. The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1972 John R. HicksandKenneth J. Arrow "for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory"

All Nobel Prizes (1976-1979): 1979 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979 Sheldon Lee Glashow,Abdus SalamandSteven Weinberg "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979 Herbert C. BrownandGeorg Wittig "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979 Allan M. CormackandGodfrey N. Hounsfield "for the development of computer assisted tomography" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1979 Odysseus Elytis "for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness" The Nobel Peace Prize 1979 Mother Teresa The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1979 Theodore W. SchultzandSir Arthur Lewis "for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries" 1978 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics" Arno Allan PenziasandRobert Woodrow Wilson "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1978 Peter D. Mitchell "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978 Werner Arber,Daniel NathansandHamilton O. Smith "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life" The Nobel Peace Prize 1978 Mohamed Anwar al-Sadat Menachem Begin The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1978 Herbert A. Simon "for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations" 1977 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1977 Philip Warren Anderson,Sir Nevill Francis MottandJohn Hasbrouck van Vleck "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977 Ilya Prigogine "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977 Roger GuilleminandAndrew V. Schally "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain" Rosalyn Yalow "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1977 Vicente Aleixandre "for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars" The Nobel Peace Prize 1977 Amnesty International The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1977 Bertil OhlinandJames E. Meade "for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements" 1976 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1976 Burton RichterandSamuel Chao Chung Ting "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1976 William N. Lipscomb "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976 Baruch S. BlumbergandD. Carleton Gajdusek "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1976 Saul Bellow "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work" The Nobel Peace Prize 1976 Betty Williams Mairead Corrigan The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1976 Milton Friedman "for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy"

All Nobel Prizes (1980-1983): 1983 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983 Subramanyan Chandrasekhar "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars" William Alfred Fowler "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1983 Henry Taube "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983 Barbara McClintock "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1983 William Golding "for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today" The Nobel Peace Prize 1983 Lech Walesa The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1983 Gerard Debreu "for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium" 1982 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1982 Kenneth G. Wilson "for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982 Aaron Klug "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982 Sune K. Bergström,Bengt I. SamuelssonandJohn R. Vane "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1982 Gabriel García Márquez "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts" The Nobel Peace Prize 1982 Alva Myrdal Alfonso García Robles The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1982 George J. Stigler "for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation" 1981 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981 Nicolaas BloembergenandArthur Leonard Schawlow "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy" Kai M. Siegbahn "for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981 Kenichi FukuiandRoald Hoffmann "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981 Roger W. Sperry "for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres" David H. HubelandTorsten N. Wiesel "for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1981 Elias Canetti "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power" The Nobel Peace Prize 1981 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1981 James Tobin "for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices" 1980 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 James Watson CroninandVal Logsdon Fitch "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980 Paul Berg "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA" Walter GilbertandFrederick Sanger "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980 Baruj Benacerraf,Jean DaussetandGeorge D. Snell "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1980 Czeslaw Milosz "who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts" The Nobel Peace Prize 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1980 Lawrence R. Klein "for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies"

All Nobel Prizes (1984-1987): 1987 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1987 J. Georg BednorzandK. Alexander Müller "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987 Donald J. Cram,Jean-Marie LehnandCharles J. Pedersen "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987 Susumu Tonegawa "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1987 Joseph Brodsky "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity" The Nobel Peace Prize 1987 Oscar Arias Sánchez "for his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year" The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1987 Robert M. Solow "for his contributions to the theory of economic growth" 1986 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 Ernst Ruska "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope" Gerd BinnigandHeinrich Rohrer "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1986 Dudley R. Herschbach,Yuan T. LeeandJohn C. Polanyi "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986 Stanley CohenandRita Levi-Montalcini "for their discoveries of growth factors" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1986 Wole Soyinka "who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence" The Nobel Peace Prize 1986 Elie Wiesel The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1986 James M. Buchanan Jr. "for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making" 1985 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1985 Klaus von Klitzing "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985 Herbert A. HauptmanandJerome Karle "for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985 Michael S. BrownandJoseph L. Goldstein "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1985 Claude Simon "who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition" The Nobel Peace Prize 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1985 Franco Modigliani "for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets" 1984 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1984 Carlo RubbiaandSimon van der Meer "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1984 Robert Bruce Merrifield "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984 Niels K. Jerne,Georges J.F. KöhlerandCésar Milstein "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1984 Jaroslav Seifert "for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man" The Nobel Peace Prize 1984 Desmond Mpilo Tutu The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1984 Richard Stone "for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis"

All Nobel Prizes (1988-1991): 1991 TheNobelPrizein Physics 1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers" TheNobelPrizein Chemistry 1991 Richard R. Ernst "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" TheNobelPrizein Physiology or Medicine 1991 Erwin NeherandBert Sakmann "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1991 Nadine Gordimer "who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity" The Nobel Peace Prize 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi "for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights" The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1991 Ronald H. Coase "for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy" 1990 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990 Jerome I. Friedman,Henry W. KendallandRichard E. Taylor "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990 Elias James Corey "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990 Joseph E. MurrayandE. Donnall Thomas "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1990 Octavio Paz "for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity" The Nobel Peace Prize 1990 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev "for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community" The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1990 Harry M. Markowitz,Merton H. MillerandWilliam F. Sharpe "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics" 1989 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1989 Norman F. Ramsey "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks" Hans G. DehmeltandWolfgang Paul "for the development of the ion trap technique" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989 Sidney AltmanandThomas R. Cech "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989 J. Michael BishopandHarold E. Varmus "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1989 Camilo José Cela "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability" The Nobel Peace Prize 1989 The 14th Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso) The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1989 Trygve Haavelmo "for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures" 1988 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988 Leon M. Lederman,Melvin SchwartzandJack Steinberger "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1988 Johann Deisenhofer,Robert HuberandHartmut Michel "for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988 Sir James W. Black,Gertrude B. ElionandGeorge H. Hitchings "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment" The Nobel Prize in Literature 1988 Naguib Mahfouz "who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind" The Nobel Peace Prize 1988 United Nations Peacekeeping Forces The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1988 Maurice Allais "for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources"