SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION: WHO WAS THE FIRST PERSON TO SEE GERMS? WHO DISCOVERED HOW BLOOD CIRCULATES? WHO WERE THE FIRST CHEMISTS? REFLECTING TELESCOPE BIOGRAPHY: ROBERT BOYLE 1627–1691 The 18th century was a period of remarkable scientific breakthroughs. This began with the scientific advances of the 16th and 17th centuries, when people began to reject unproven theories and superstition in favor of careful observation, and carried out experiments to test ideas. Table 51. NEW SCIENCE 1609Johannes Kepler works out how planets move 1638Galileo Galilei publishes his theories of mechanics 1687Isaac Newton publishes his three Laws of Motion 1753Carolus Linnaeus works out a way of classifying species 1774Joseph Priestley studies oxygen WHO WAS THE FIRST PERSON TO SEE GERMS? The first microscopes were made in the Netherlands in about 1590. Their design was improved by Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek. Van Leeuwenhoek made many important observations and in 1675 was the first person to see bacteria, or germs. WHO DISCOVERED HOW BLOOD CIRCULATES? In 1597, English student William Harvey went to Padua in Italy, which was then a center for studying the human body. He returned to become royal doctor, and in 1628 declared that blood was pumped around the body by the heart. Many doctors ridiculed his views, but Harvey was correct. His discovery changed our understanding of the human body forever. WHO WERE THE FIRST CHEMISTS? From the Middle Ages to the early 18th century, alchemists believed they could turn ordinary metals into gold, and so find the secret of everlasting life. Although this was impossible, alchemy did provide a basis for useful experiments in chemistry, and inspired the genuine research of Robert Boyle. REFLECTING TELESCOPE Telescopes were invented in the Netherlands in about 1608. In 1668, Isaac Newton was the first to use mirrors to improve the image seen through the telescope. BIOGRAPHY: ROBERT BOYLE 1627–1691 Irish chemist and physicist Robert Boyle experimented with gases and with vacuums (in which gases are pumped out of a space). He introduced the idea of chemical elements, essential to the development of chemistry as a science.