China: Rulers See this list of Chinese Dynasties. *. Liu Pang, founder of the Handynasty (206–195B.C.) *. Wu-ti, posthumous temple name of the fifth emperor (140–87B.C.) of the Handynasty *. Wang Mang, Chinese Handynasty regent (45B.C.–A.D.23) *. Sui, dynasty of China that ruled from 581 to 618 *. Hsüan-tsung, Chinese emperor (712–56), ninth of the T'ang dynasty *. Sung, dynasty of China that ruled 960–1279 *. Chao K'uang-yin, founder of the Sungdynasty (960–79) *. Hui-tsung, Chinese emperor of the Northern Sung dynasty, painter, and a great patron of art (1082–1135) *. Kublai Khan, Mongol emperor, founder of the Yüan dynasty of China (1215–94) *. Ming, dynasty of China that ruled from 1368 to 1644 *. Yung-lo, reign title of the third emperor (1403–24) of the Chinese Mingdynasty *. Nurhaci, Manchu national founder (1559–1626) *. Manchu, people who lived in Manchuria for many centuries and who ruled China from 1644 until 1912 *. K'ang-hsi, second emperor of the Ch'ing dynasty of China (1661–1722) *. Ch'ien-lung, reign title of the fourth emperor (1735–96) of the Ch'ing dynasty *. Tz'u Hsi, Tsu Hsi, dowager empress of China (1861–1908) and regent (1861–73, 1874–89, 1898–1908) *. Kuang-hsu, emperor of China (1875–1908) *. Henry Pu Yi, last emperor (1908–12) of China *. Yüan Shih-kai, president of China (1912–16) *. Li Yüan-hung, president of China (1916–17, 1922–23) *. Chiang Kai-shek, Chinese Nationalist leader (1928–48) *. Lin Sen, president of China (1932–43) *. Mao Zedong, founder of the People's Republic of China (1943–76) *. Deng Xiaoping, Chinese revolutionary and government leader (1945–89) *. Li Peng, Chinese premier (1987–98) *. Jiang Zemin, president of China (1993–2003) *. Hu Jintao, president of China (2003– )

Denmark: Kings and Queens *. Harold Bluetooth, king of Denmark (935–c. 985) *. Sweyn, king of Denmark (986–1014) *. Harthacanute, king of Denmark (1035–42) and of the English (1040–42) *. Canute the Saint, king (1080–86) and patron saint of Denmark *. Waldemar I (Waldemar the Great), king of Denmark (1157–82) *. Waldemar II, king of Denmark (1202–41) *. Waldemar IV, king of Denmark (1340–75) *. Margaret I, queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (1353–1412) *. Christian III, king of Denmark and Norway (1534–59) *. Christian IV, king of Denmark and Norway (1588–1648) *. Frederick III, king of Denmark and Norway (1648–70) *. Christian V, king of Denmark and Norway (1670–99) *. Frederick IV, king of Denmark and Norway (1699–1730) *. Frederick V, king of Denmark and Norway (1746–66) *. Christian VII, king of Denmark and Norway (1766–1808) *. Frederick VI, king of Denmark (1808–39) and Norway (1808–14) *. Christian VIII, king of Denmark (1839–48) *. Frederick VII, king of Denmark, duke of Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg (1848–63) *. Christian IX, king of Denmark (1863–1906) *. Frederick VIII, king of Denmark (1906–12) *. Christian X, king of Denmark (1912–47) and Iceland (1912–44) *. Frederick IX, king of Denmark (1947–72) *. Margaret II, queen of Denmark (1972–)

Rulers of Scotland *. Kenneth I, traditional founder of the kingdom of Scotland (c. 843–858) *. Kenneth II, Scottish king (971–995) *. Macbeth, king of Scotland (1040–57) *. Malcolm III, king of Scotland (1057–93) *. Alexander I, king of Scotland (1107–24) *. David I, king of Scotland (1124–53) *. Malcolm IV, king of Scotland (1153–65) *. William the Lion, king of Scotland (1165–1214) *. Alexander II, king of Scotland (1214–49) *. Alexander III, king of Scotland (1249–86) *. Margaret Maid of Norway, queen of Scotland (1286–90) *. John de Baliol, king of Scotland (1292–96) *. Robert I, king of Scotland (1306–29) *. David II, king of Scotland (1329–34, 1341–71) *. Edward de Baliol, English-supported king of Scotland (1332–41) *. Robert II, king of Scotland (1371–90) *. Robert Stuart, regent of Scotland (1389–1399) *. Robert III, king of Scotland (1390–1406) *. David Stuart, regent of Scotland (1399–1402) *. James I, king of Scotland (1406–37) *. James II, king of Scotland (1437–60) *. James III, king of Scotland (1460–88) *. James IV, king of Scotland (1488–1513) *. James V, king of Scotland (1513–42) *. John Stuart, regent of Scotland (1515–1524) *. Mary Queen of Scots(1542–67) *.James VI, king of Scotland (1567–1625), and as James I, king of England (1603–25) *. John Erskine Mar, regent of Scotland. (1571–72)

British Prime Ministers Since 1770 Find the name, term dates, and political party affiliation of every British Prime Minister from 1770 to the present. NameTerm Lord North(Tory)1770–1782 Marquis of Rockingham(Whig)1782–1782 Earl of Shelburne(Whig)1782–1783 Duke of Portland(Coalition)1783–1783 William Pitt, the Younger(Tory)1783–1801 Henry Addington(Tory)1801–1804 William Pitt, the Younger(Tory)1804–1806 Baron Grenville(Whig)1806–1807 Duke of Portland(Tory)1807–1809 Spencer Perceval(Tory)1809–1812 Earl of Liverpool(Tory)1812–1827 George Canning(Tory)1827–1827 Viscount Goderich(Tory)1827–1828 Duke of Wellington(Tory)1828–1830 Earl Grey(Whig)1830–1834 Viscount Melbourne(Whig)1834–1834 Sir Robert Peel(Tory)1834–1835 Viscount Melbourne(Whig)1835–1841 Sir Robert Peel(Tory)1841–1846 Earl Russell(Whig)1846–1852 Earl of Derby(Tory)1852–1852 Earl of Aberdeen(Coalition)1852–1855 Viscount Palmerston(Liberal)1855–1858 Earl of Derby(Conservative)1858–1859 Viscount Palmerston(Liberal)1859–1865 Earl Russell(Liberal)1865–1866 Earl of Derby(Conservative)1866–1868 Benjamin Disraeli(Conservative)1868–1868 William E. Gladstone(Liberal)1868–1874 Benjamin Disraeli(Conservative)1874–1880 William E. Gladstone(Liberal)1880–1885 Marquis of Salisbury(Conservative)1885–1886 William E. Gladstone(Liberal)1886–1886 Marquis of Salisbury(Conservative)1886–1892 William E. Gladstone(Liberal)1892–1894 Earl of Rosebery(Liberal)1894–1895 Marquis of Salisbury(Conservative)1895–1902 Arthur James Balfour(Conservative)1902–1905 Sir H. Campbell- Bannerman(Liberal)1905–1908 Herbert H. Asquith(Liberal)1908–1915 Herbert H. Asquith(Coalition)1915–1916 David Lloyd George(Coalition)1916–1922 Andrew Bonar Law(Conservative)1922–1923 Stanley Baldwin(Conservative)1923–1924 James Ramsay MacDonald(Labour)1924–1924 Stanley Baldwin(Conservative)1924–1929 James Ramsay MacDonald(Labour)1929–1931 James Ramsay MacDonald(Coalition)1931–1935 Stanley Baldwin(Coalition)1935–1937 Neville Chamberlain(Coalition)1937–1940 Winston Churchill(Coalition)1940–1945 Clement R. Attlee(Labour)1945–1951 Sir Winston Churchill(Conservative)1951–1955 Sir Anthony Eden(Conservative)1955–1957 Harold Macmillan(Conservative)1957–1963 Sir Alec Frederick Douglas-Home (Conservative) 1963–1964 Harold Wilson(Labour)1964–1970 Edward Heath(Conservative)1970–1974 Harold Wilson(Labour)1974–1976 James Callaghan(Labour)1976–1979 Margaret Thatcher(Conservative)1979–1990 John Major(Conservative)1990–1997 Tony Blair(Labour)1997–2007 Gordon Brown(Labour)2007–2010 David Cameron(Coalition)2010–

Austria: Rulers Emperors Franz I, last Holy Roman Emperor, first Emperor of Austria (1804–1835) Ferdinand I(1835–1848) Franz Joseph I(1848–1916) Karl I, last emperor of Austria (1916–1918) PresidentsFranz Dinghofer, Johann Nepomuk Hauser, and Karl Seitz, directory of the Council of State (1918–1919) Karl Seitz, president of the Constituent National Assembly (1919–1920) Michael Hainisch(1920–1928) Wilhelm Miklas (1928–1938) Karl Renner(1945–1950) Leopold Figl (1950–1951) Theodor Körner (1951–1957) Julius Raab, acting (1957) Adolf Schärf (1957–1965) Josef Klaus, acting (1965) Franz Jonas(1965–1974) Bruno Kreisky, acting (1974) Rudolf Kirchschläger (1974–1986) Kurt Waldheim(1986–1992) Thomas Klestil (1992–2004) Heinz Fischer (2004–